Question 1

Which layer(s) of the peripheral zone of the shoot apical meristem are the founder cells?
A)L1 only
B)L2 only
C)L3 only
D)L1 and L2 only
E)L1, L2, and L3

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which layer(s) of the peripheral zone of...

Question 2

Studies of Arabidopsis mutants have identified classes of ______ that affect the identity of floral organs.
A)meristematic activities
B)homeotic genes
C)hormones
D)tunica-corpus organizations
E)environmental factors

Accepted Answer

Homeotic genes are responsible for determining the identity of floral organs in Arabidopsis and other plants. These genes, when mutated, can cause one type of floral organ to develop into another, thus affecting the identity of the organs.

Question 3

Which of the following events does NOT occur in a shoot apex during flower development?
A)A change from determinate to indeterminate growth
B)Elongation of the internodes
C)Early development of lateral buds below the apex
D)An increase in mitosis
E)A change in shape of the apex to broad and dome-like

Accepted Answer

During flower development, the shoot apex changes from indeterminate to determinate growth as it transitions to producing flowers, which are determinate structures.

Question 4

Compared with sun leaves, shade leaves:
A)have thicker-walled epidermal cells.
B)have a lower ratio of mesophyll surface area to leaf blade surface area.
C)have more extensive vascular systems.
D)are thicker.
E)are smaller.

Accepted Answer

Shade leaves have a lower ratio of mesophyll surface area to leaf blade surface area because they are adapted to capture light more efficiently in low-light conditions, often resulting in a thinner leaf structure compared to sun leaves.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about bundle-sheath extensions is FALSE?
A)They provide mechanical support for the leaf.
B)They interconnect all the bundle sheaths in a leaf.
C)They may conduct water from the xylem to the epidermis.
D)They consist of mesophyll cells.
E)They form connections between bundle sheaths and the epidermis.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements about bundle-sheath...

Question 6

Unlike the leaves of eudicots, most monocot leaves:
A)undergo secondary growth.
B)have veins containing xylem and phloem.
C)have veins arranged in a branching pattern.
D)have netted venation.
E)have parallel venation.

Accepted Answer

Monocot leaves typically have parallel venation, where the veins run parallel to each other along the length of the leaf, unlike eudicots which often have netted or branching venation.

Question 7

In grass leaves, the midvein and other large longitudinal strands arise at the _____ of the primordium and develop _____.
A)tip; downward
B)tip; both upward and downward
C)base; both upward and downward
D)base; upward
E)base; downward

Accepted Answer

In grass leaves, the midvein and other large longitudinal strands originate at the base of the primordium and develop in both upward and downward directions.

Question 8

The studies of homeotic mutations in Arabidopsis initially identified _____ classes of genes essential to normal flower development, but this model has recently been expanded to ____ gene classes.
A)2; 3
B)2; 4
C)3; 4
D)3; 5
E)3; 6

Accepted Answer

Initially, three classes of genes (A, B, and C) were identified as essential for flower development in Arabidopsis. This model has been expanded to include two additional classes (D and E), making a total of five gene classes.

Question 9

The homeotic mutation that results in "double flowers" in some rose varieties causes ______ to be converted into ______.
A)sepals; carpels
B)petals; stamens
C)stamens; carpels
D)petals; sepals
E)stamens; petals

Accepted Answer

The homeotic mutation in "double flowers" causes stamens to be converted into petals, resulting in additional layers of petals.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about the transition region and its formation is FALSE?
A)The transition region occurs between the root and the shoot.
B)The transition region is the region in which the vascular system changes locations.
C)Vascular transition is completed with the differentiation of the procambium in the seedling.
D)Vascular transition is initiated soon after seed germination.
E)The structure of the transition region is often very complex.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements about the...

Question 11

In eudicots, the major veins develop toward the ______ and the minor veins develop toward the ______.
A)leaf base; leaf margins
B)leaf margins; leaf base
C)leaf base; leaf base
D)leaf margins; leaf margins and leaf base
E)leaf base and leaf margins; leaf base

Accepted Answer

The answer of In eudicots, the major veins develop toward...

Question 12

Which of the following statements about bulliform cells is FALSE?
A)They are found in monocots.
B)They are large mesophyll cells.
C)They are arranged in longitudinal rows.
D)They become flaccid during excessive water loss.
E)They play a role in leaf folding and unfolding.

Accepted Answer

Bulliform cells are not mesophyll cells; they are specialized epidermal cells found in the leaves of monocots.

Question 13

A spine is a modified:
A)branch.
B)leaf.
C)epidermal hair.
D)stem.
E)flower.

Accepted Answer

A spine is a modified leaf, often found in plants like cacti, where it serves to reduce water loss and protect the plant from herbivores.

Question 14

In leaves, intercalary growth occurs by:
A)cell division alone throughout the petiole.
B)cell division and cell enlargement throughout the petiole.
C)cell enlargement alone throughout the blade.
D)cell division alone throughout the blade.
E)cell division and cell enlargement throughout the blade.

Accepted Answer

Intercalary growth in leaves involves both cell division and cell enlargement, primarily occurring in the blade, allowing the leaf to grow in length.

Question 15

Which of the following events is NOT associated with leaf abscission?
A)Formation of tyloses
B)Formation of a suberized protective layer
C)Cell division
D)Enzymatic breakdown of cell walls
E)Return of reusable substances to the leaf

Accepted Answer

Leaf abscission involves the formation of a protective layer, cell division, and enzymatic breakdown of cell walls, but the return of reusable substances to the leaf is not part of this process. Instead, substances are typically withdrawn from the leaf before abscission.

Question 16

A prickle is a modification of:
A)a branch.
B)a leaf.
C)the epidermis.
D)a stem.
E)a flower.

Accepted Answer

A prickle is a small, sharp outgrowth from the epidermis or bark of a plant, such as those found on roses.

Question 17

Most tendrils are modified:
A)roots.
B)stems.
C)leaves.
D)flowers.
E)buds.

Accepted Answer

Most tendrils are modified leaves, which help plants to climb and support themselves by wrapping around structures.

Question 18

Unlike C₃ grasses, C₄ grasses have leaves: A)with mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells in two concentric layers. B)with an interveinal distance of more than four cells. C)without Kranz anatomy. D)with a mestome sheath. E)with small bundle-sheath cells containing small chloroplasts.

Accepted Answer

C4 grasses have a unique leaf anatomy called Kranz anatomy, where mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells are arranged in two concentric layers, facilitating efficient photosynthesis.

Question 19

Unlike the midrib, the leaf blade develops from:
A)procambium.
B)the central region of the primordium.
C)founder cells.
D)marginal meristems..
E)the L1 layer of the tunica-corpus.

Accepted Answer

The leaf blade develops from marginal meristems, which are responsible for the growth and expansion of the leaf blade, unlike the midrib which develops from the central region.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about palisade parenchyma is FALSE?
A)It is lacking in the leaves of maize and other grasses.
B)It is usually located on the lower side of the leaf.
C)It consists of columnar cells.
D)It is where most of the photosynthesis in the leaf occurs.
E)It is part of the mesophyll.

Accepted Answer

Palisade parenchyma is usually located on the upper side of the leaf, not the lower side.

Quiz 25: The Shoot: Primary Structure and Development

Which layer(s) of the peripheral zone of the shoot apical meristem are the founder cells?

Studies of Arabidopsis mutants have identified classes of ______ that affect the identity of floral organs.

Which of the following events does NOT occur in a shoot apex during flower development?

Compared with sun leaves, shade leaves:

Which of the following statements about bundle-sheath extensions is FALSE?

Unlike the leaves of eudicots, most monocot leaves:

In grass leaves, the midvein and other large longitudinal strands arise at the _ of the primordium and develop _.

The studies of homeotic mutations in Arabidopsis initially identified _ classes of genes essential to normal flower development, but this model has recently been expanded to gene classes.

The homeotic mutation that results in "double flowers" in some rose varieties causes to be converted into .

Which of the following statements about the transition region and its formation is FALSE?

In eudicots, the major veins develop toward the and the minor veins develop toward the .

Which of the following statements about bulliform cells is FALSE?

A spine is a modified:

In leaves, intercalary growth occurs by:

Which of the following events is NOT associated with leaf abscission?

A prickle is a modification of:

Most tendrils are modified:

Unlike C₃ grasses, C₄ grasses have leaves:

Unlike the midrib, the leaf blade develops from:

Which of the following statements about palisade parenchyma is FALSE?