Question 1

Which of the following is recommended for immediate treatment of hypoglycemic shock?
1) If conscious, immediately give sweet fruit juice, honey, candy, or sugar.
2) If unconscious, give nothing by mouth (require intravenous glucose 50%).
3) Treat immediately with insulin.
4) Give large quantity of clear fluids for shock.
A)1, 2
B)1, 3
C)2, 3
D)1, 3, 4

Accepted Answer

For hypoglycemic shock, if the person is conscious, they should consume fast-acting carbohydrates like juice or candy. If unconscious, intravenous glucose is required.

Question 2

Which of the following does NOT apply to inappropriate ADH syndrome?
A) The cause is excess ADH secretion.
B) Severe hyponatremia results.
C) Excessive sodium is retained.
D) Fluid retention increases.

Accepted Answer

Inappropriate ADH syndrome leads to water retention and dilutional hyponatremia, not excessive sodium retention.

Question 3

Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes diabetes insipidus? A) Increased insulin B) Decreased glucocorticoids C) Deficit of ADH D) Deficit of T₃and T₄

Accepted Answer

Diabetes insipidus is caused by a deficit of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which leads to an inability to concentrate urine, resulting in excessive urination and thirst.

Question 4

Which of the following is an effect of long-term glucocorticoid therapy?
A) Decreased secretion from the adrenal cortex gland
B) An increased inflammatory response to irritants
C) Hypotension and poor circulation
D) Increased number of hypersensitivity reactions

Accepted Answer

Long-term glucocorticoid therapy can lead to decreased secretion from the adrenal cortex gland due to suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.

Question 5

What is caused by hyperparathyroidism?
A) Hypocalcemia
B) Tetany
C) Bone demineralization
D) Deficit of vitamin D

Accepted Answer

Hyperparathyroidism leads to increased secretion of parathyroid hormone, which causes bone demineralization as calcium is released from bones into the bloodstream.

Question 6

Which of the following may cause goiter?
1) Hyperthyroidism
2) Hypothyroidism
3) Lack of iodine in the diet
4) Pheochromocytoma
A)1, 4
B)2, 3
C)1, 2, 3
D)1, 2, 3, 4

Accepted Answer

Goiter can be caused by hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and iodine deficiency. Pheochromocytoma is unrelated to thyroid function.

Question 7

Which of the following applies to acromegaly?
A) It occurs in infants and children.
B) It causes excessive longitudinal bone growth.
C) It results from excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH).
D) It does not change soft tissue growth.

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly results from excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH) in adults, leading to abnormal growth of bones and soft tissues.

Question 8

Characteristics of Cushing's syndrome include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) Heavy body and round face
B) Atrophied skeletal muscle in the limbs
C) Staring eyes with infrequent blinking
D) Atrophy of the lymph nodes

Accepted Answer

Cushing's syndrome is characterized by features such as a heavy body, round face, muscle atrophy in the limbs, and lymph node atrophy. Staring eyes with infrequent blinking is not a characteristic of Cushing's syndrome.

Question 9

Differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes include which of the following?
A) Type 1 diabetes weight gain is common, and type 2 weight loss often occurs.
B) Type 1 diabetes leads to fewer complications than does type 2 diabetes.
C) Type 1 diabetes may be controlled by adjusting dietary intake and exercise, but type 2 diabetes requires insulin replacement.
D) Type 1 diabetes occurs more frequently in children and adolescents, and type 2 diabetes occurs more often in adults.

Accepted Answer

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition that often develops in children and adolescents, while type 2 diabetes is more common in adults and is often related to lifestyle factors.

Question 10

What is/are the effect(s) of thyrotoxic crisis?
A) Hyperthermia and heart failure
B) Hypotension and hypoglycemia
C) Toxic goiter and hypometabolism
D) Decreased stress response

Accepted Answer

Thyrotoxic crisis, also known as thyroid storm, is characterized by severe hyperthyroidism, leading to symptoms such as hyperthermia and heart failure.

Question 11

Which signs are typical of Graves' disease?
A) Facial puffiness, bradycardia, and lethargy
B) Exophthalmos and tachycardia
C) delayed physical and intellectual development
D) Goiter and decreased basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Accepted Answer

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to hyperthyroidism, and typical signs include exophthalmos (protruding eyes) and tachycardia (increased heart rate).

Question 12

Why does glucosuria occur in diabetics?
A) Excess ketoacids displace glucose into the filtrate.
B) Excess water in the filtrate draws more glucose into the urine.
C) The amount of glucose in the filtrate exceeds the renal tubule transport limit.
D) Sufficient insulin is not available for glucose reabsorption.

Accepted Answer

Glucosuria occurs in diabetics because the blood glucose level is so high that it exceeds the renal threshold for glucose reabsorption, leading to glucose being excreted in the urine.

Question 13

Which of the following conditions may precipitate or exacerbate hyperglycemia?
A) Hypothyroidism
B) Cushing's disease
C) Addison's disease
D) Growth hormone deficit

Accepted Answer

Cushing's disease can lead to increased cortisol levels, which can cause insulin resistance and result in hyperglycemia.

Question 14

What is caused by hypocalcemia due to hypoparathyroidism?
1) Skeletal muscle twitching or spasm
2) Weak cardiac contraction
3) Increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
4) Decreased serum phosphate level
A)1, 2
B)1, 3
C)2, 3
D)3, 4

Accepted Answer

Hypocalcemia due to hypoparathyroidism can lead to skeletal muscle twitching or spasms (tetany) and weak cardiac contractions due to low calcium levels affecting muscle and heart function.

Question 15

All these tissues use glucose without the aid of insulin EXCEPT:
A) liver.
B) digestive system.
C) exercising skeletal muscle.
D) brain.

Accepted Answer

The liver requires insulin to uptake glucose, whereas the brain, exercising skeletal muscle, and digestive system can utilize glucose without insulin.

Question 16

Which of the following are common early signs of a pituitary adenoma?
1) Persistent headaches
2) Hemianopia
3) Hypertension
4) Papilledema
A)1, 4
B)2, 3
C)1, 2
D)1, 3, 4

Accepted Answer

Persistent headaches and hemianopia are common early signs of a pituitary adenoma due to pressure effects on surrounding structures, such as the optic chiasm, leading to visual field defects like hemianopia.

Question 17

Which of the following is an effect of Addison's disease?
A) Elevated blood glucose levels
B) High blood pressure
C) Low serum potassium levels
D) Poor stress response

Accepted Answer

Addison's disease is characterized by insufficient production of cortisol and aldosterone, leading to symptoms such as poor stress response, fatigue, and low blood pressure.

Question 18

What is the most common cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
A) Increased glucose production in the liver
B) Destruction of pancreatic cells by an autoimmune reaction
C) Increased resistance of body cells to insulin action
D) Chronic obesity

Accepted Answer

Destruction of pancreatic cells by an autoimmune reaction is the most common cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Question 19

Which of the following conditions may cause immunosuppression?
A) Graves' disease
B) Acromegaly
C) Cushing's disease
D) Diabetes insipidus

Accepted Answer

Cushing's disease causes immunosuppression due to excess cortisol, which suppresses the immune system.

Question 20

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma (HHNC) more frequently develops in patients with:
A) type 1 diabetes.
B) type 2 diabetes.
C) Grave's disease.
D) hyperparathyroidism.

Accepted Answer

HHNC is more commonly associated with type 2 diabetes due to the presence of some insulin activity that prevents ketosis but not enough to prevent hyperglycemia and dehydration.

Quiz 16: Endocrine System Disorders

Which of the following does NOT apply to inappropriate ADH syndrome?

Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes diabetes insipidus?

Which of the following is an effect of long-term glucocorticoid therapy?

What is caused by hyperparathyroidism?

Which of the following may cause goiter? 1) Hyperthyroidism 2) Hypothyroidism 3) Lack of iodine in the diet 4) Pheochromocytoma

Which of the following applies to acromegaly?

Characteristics of Cushing's syndrome include all of the following EXCEPT:

Differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes include which of the following?

What is/are the effect(s) of thyrotoxic crisis?

Which signs are typical of Graves' disease?

Why does glucosuria occur in diabetics?

Which of the following conditions may precipitate or exacerbate hyperglycemia?

What is caused by hypocalcemia due to hypoparathyroidism? 1) Skeletal muscle twitching or spasm 2) Weak cardiac contraction 3) Increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) 4) Decreased serum phosphate level

All these tissues use glucose without the aid of insulin EXCEPT:

Which of the following are common early signs of a pituitary adenoma? 1) Persistent headaches 2) Hemianopia 3) Hypertension 4) Papilledema

Which of the following is an effect of Addison's disease?

What is the most common cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Which of the following conditions may cause immunosuppression?

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma (HHNC) more frequently develops in patients with: