Question 1

If two stimuli differ within a single dimension-for example, tone frequency-the paradigm is referred to as:
A) extradimensional discrimination.
B) intradimensional discrimination.
C) the discrete-component model.
D) the generalization gradient.

Accepted Answer

Intradimensional discrimination refers to a paradigm where two stimuli differ within a single dimension, such as tone frequency.

Question 2

Dylan and Aaron both enjoy foreign films. If a person later learns that Dylan also enjoys riding dirt bikes, the person may infer that Aaron also enjoys riding dirt bikes. This is an example of:
A) acquired equivalence.
B) sensory preconditioning.
C) discrimination training.
D) negative patterning.

Accepted Answer

Acquired equivalence refers to a phenomenon where, after individuals learn that two stimuli are equivalent in one context (e.g., Dylan and Aaron both enjoy foreign films), they are more likely to generalize what is known about one stimulus to the other in a different context (e.g., inferring that because Dylan enjoys riding dirt bikes, Aaron might as well). This cognitive process is based on the perceived equivalence or similarity between the two subjects.

Question 3

Stimuli that differ across multiple dimensions for example tones and lights are known as:
A) extradimensional discrimination.
B) intradimensional discrimination.
C) the discrete-component model.
D) the generalization gradient.

Accepted Answer

Extradimensional discrimination involves distinguishing stimuli that differ across different types or dimensions, such as tones (auditory dimension) and lights (visual dimension).

Question 4

Negative patterning is difficult to learn because it requires the organism to suppress its tendency to:
A) make a motor response.
B) discriminate.
C) categorize.
D) generalize.

Accepted Answer

Negative patterning requires the organism to learn that a combination of cues predicts a different outcome than each cue alone, which is difficult because it goes against the organism's natural tendency to generalize or apply the learned response to similar stimuli.

Question 5

Errorless discrimination learning does have some significant drawbacks. While it produces _____ and _____ learning of discriminations, later studies have shown that it is rigid and inflexible.
A) frustration; weak
B) lasting; essential
C) rapid; strong
D) slow; tedious

Accepted Answer

Errorless discrimination learning is known for producing rapid and strong learning of discriminations, but it has been criticized for resulting in rigid and inflexible behavior.

Question 6

Suppose one trains a dog to come running for food when one whistles a 60 dB whistle and also trains the same dog to NOT come running when one whistles a 70 dB whistle. According to the peak-shift effect, which whistle would then lead to the dog's fastest running?
A) 50 dB
B) 60 dB
C) 70 dB
D) 80 dB

Accepted Answer

The peak-shift effect suggests that the dog will respond most strongly to a stimulus that is further away from the non-reinforced stimulus (70 dB) but in the same direction as the reinforced stimulus (60 dB). Thus, a 50 dB whistle would likely lead to the dog's fastest running.

Question 7

According to Spence, the peak-shift effect occurs because the:
A) observed response is given by the difference between the excitatory and inhibitory generalization gradients.
B) organism ignores the excitatory generalization gradient.
C) organism ignores both the excitatory and the inhibitory generalization gradients.
D) observed response is given by the inhibitory generalization gradient.

Accepted Answer

The peak-shift effect, as described by Spence, occurs because the observed response is determined by the difference between the excitatory and inhibitory generalization gradients. This means that the response to a stimulus is influenced by both the positive association (excitatory) with the stimulus and the negative association (inhibitory) with stimuli that are similar but not rewarded.

Question 8

Suppose one pairs a light and a tone in the first phase of a sensory preconditioning paradigm. If one then pairs just the light with a food pellet, such that the light elicits a salivation response, the tone presented alone will:
A) elicit no response.
B) elicit salivation only if the light is presented at the same time.
C) suppress salivation.
D) also elicit salivation.

Accepted Answer

In a sensory preconditioning paradigm, when a neutral stimulus (tone) is paired with another neutral stimulus (light) which later becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus (food pellet), the first neutral stimulus (tone) can also elicit the conditioned response (salivation) even when presented alone. This is because the animal has learned an association between the two neutral stimuli before one of them was paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 9

If parents use training wheels to aid their child in learning to ride a two-wheeler, they have adopted a variation of _____ learning.
A) consequential
B) discrimination
C) errorless discrimination
D) integral

Accepted Answer

Errorless discrimination learning involves gradually introducing challenges in such a way that the learner does not experience failure. Using training wheels allows children to learn to ride a bike without the trial and error of falling off, which aligns with the principles of errorless discrimination learning.

Question 10

Sleep experts routinely advise good sleep hygiene that consist of:
A) soothing auditory stimulation.
B) promoting wakeful behavior.
C) limiting one's bedroom stimulus.
D) reading a book to promote relaxation.

Accepted Answer

Limiting one's bedroom stimulus is a key component of good sleep hygiene, as it helps to create a relaxing and conducive environment for sleep.

Question 11

A training procedure in which difficult discrimination is learned by starting with an easy version of the task and proceeding to incrementally harder versions as the easier ones are mastered is referred to as _____ learning.
A) consequential
B) discrimination
C) errorless discrimination
D) integral

Accepted Answer

Errorless discrimination learning involves starting with an easy version of a task and gradually increasing the difficulty as the learner masters each level, reducing the chances of making errors during the learning process.

Question 12

Chloe learned that babies who cry a lot also have trouble sleeping. When she later learned that babies who have trouble sleeping tend to be highly intelligent, she inferred that babies who cry a lot are also highly intelligent. This relationship is an example of:
A) acquired equivalence.
B) sensory preconditioning.
C) discrimination training.
D) negative patterning.

Accepted Answer

Sensory preconditioning occurs when two stimuli are associated with each other, and learning about one leads to inferences about the other. Chloe inferred a relationship between crying and intelligence based on their shared association with sleep trouble.

Question 13

Training in which presentation of two stimuli together as a compound results in a later tendency to generalize what is known about one of these stimuli to the other is known as:
A) consequential learning.
B) sensory preconditioning.
C) error discrimination learning.
D) integral learning.

Accepted Answer

Sensory preconditioning involves the association of two stimuli during a learning phase, which leads to a situation where the response to one stimulus is generalized to the other stimulus, even if the second stimulus is not directly conditioned. This process demonstrates how stimuli can become connected in the mind before any association with a specific response or consequence is made.

Question 14

Compared with the generalization gradient that is observed when no discrimination training is given, the generalization gradient that is observed after discrimination training is:
A) shallower.
B) steeper.
C) the same.
D) shallower or steeper, depending on the stimulus.

Accepted Answer

After discrimination training, the generalization gradient becomes steeper because the organism has learned to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli, leading to a more precise response.

Question 15

What is the name of the phenomenon in which prior presentation of a compound stimulus results in a later tendency for learning about one stimulus of the compound to generalize to the other stimulus?
A) acquired equivalence
B) sensory preconditioning
C) discrimination training
D) negative patterning

Accepted Answer

Sensory preconditioning is the phenomenon where, if two stimuli are presented together during a preconditioning phase, and then one of them is conditioned to elicit a response, the other stimulus will also elicit a similar response even though it was never directly conditioned to do so. This occurs because the organism has learned an association between the two stimuli during the preconditioning phase.

Question 16

According to the text, the compound exposure in phase 1 establishes an association between the tone and light. In phase 2, the light becomes associated with the air puff, and this learning is directly transferred to the tone, too. This is referred to as:
A) similarity-based generalization.
B) meaning-based generalization.
C) acquired equivalence.
D) stimulus generalization.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the text, the compound exposure...

Question 17

The mediation of behavior through responses to cues in the world is known as:
A) stimulus sampling theory.
B) distributed representation.
C) discrimination learning.
D) stimulus control.

Accepted Answer

The mediation of behavior through responses to cues in the world is known as stimulus control. Stimulus sampling theory is a hypothesis that explains how animals learn to observe a stimulus in order to obtain feedback about the environment. Distributed representation is a concept in cognitive neuroscience that refers to how different features of a stimulus may be processed in different areas of the brain. Discrimination learning is the ability to differentiate between similar stimuli and respond differently to them. Therefore, option D is the most appropriate choice.

Question 18

If one uses a red light and a blue light as stimuli in a negative-patterning task, one would reward responding:
A) to one light but not the other.
B) only when both lights are on at the same time.
C) only to a purple light.
D) to either light alone but not when both are on at the same time.

Accepted Answer

In a negative-patterning task, the correct response is rewarded when stimuli are presented individually but not when they are presented together. Thus, for red and blue lights, the reward would be given when either light is on alone, but not when both lights are on at the same time.

Question 19

Gavin often gets punched by Tyler, the school bully. Gavin is also afraid of Tyler's twin brother, Tristan, since Tristan looks just like Tyler. This is an example of:
A) similarity-based generalization.
B) meaning-based generalization.
C) negative patterning.
D) sensory preconditioning.

Accepted Answer

Gavin's fear of Tristan due to Tristan's resemblance to Tyler is an example of similarity-based generalization, where Gavin generalizes his fear from Tyler to Tristan based on their physical similarity.

Question 20

In the peak-shift effect, the maximum response during generalization is:
A) to the nonreinforced stimulus.
B) to the reinforced stimulus.
C) shifted toward the nonreinforced stimulus.
D) shifted away from the nonreinforced stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The peak-shift effect occurs when the maximum response to a stimulus is shifted away from the nonreinforced (or punished) stimulus and towards a stimulus that is more distinct from it, indicating a change in preference or discrimination based on the reinforcement history.

Quiz 6: Generalization, Discrimination Learning, and Concept Formation Memory Module

If two stimuli differ within a single dimension-for example, tone frequency-the paradigm is referred to as:

Dylan and Aaron both enjoy foreign films. If a person later learns that Dylan also enjoys riding dirt bikes, the person may infer that Aaron also enjoys riding dirt bikes. This is an example of:

Stimuli that differ across multiple dimensions for example tones and lights are known as:

Negative patterning is difficult to learn because it requires the organism to suppress its tendency to:

Errorless discrimination learning does have some significant drawbacks. While it produces _ and _ learning of discriminations, later studies have shown that it is rigid and inflexible.

Suppose one trains a dog to come running for food when one whistles a 60 dB whistle and also trains the same dog to NOT come running when one whistles a 70 dB whistle. According to the peak-shift effect, which whistle would then lead to the dog's fastest running?

According to Spence, the peak-shift effect occurs because the:

Suppose one pairs a light and a tone in the first phase of a sensory preconditioning paradigm. If one then pairs just the light with a food pellet, such that the light elicits a salivation response, the tone presented alone will:

If parents use training wheels to aid their child in learning to ride a two-wheeler, they have adopted a variation of _____ learning.

Sleep experts routinely advise good sleep hygiene that consist of:

A training procedure in which difficult discrimination is learned by starting with an easy version of the task and proceeding to incrementally harder versions as the easier ones are mastered is referred to as _____ learning.

Chloe learned that babies who cry a lot also have trouble sleeping. When she later learned that babies who have trouble sleeping tend to be highly intelligent, she inferred that babies who cry a lot are also highly intelligent. This relationship is an example of:

Training in which presentation of two stimuli together as a compound results in a later tendency to generalize what is known about one of these stimuli to the other is known as:

Compared with the generalization gradient that is observed when no discrimination training is given, the generalization gradient that is observed after discrimination training is:

What is the name of the phenomenon in which prior presentation of a compound stimulus results in a later tendency for learning about one stimulus of the compound to generalize to the other stimulus?

According to the text, the compound exposure in phase 1 establishes an association between the tone and light. In phase 2, the light becomes associated with the air puff, and this learning is directly transferred to the tone, too. This is referred to as:

The mediation of behavior through responses to cues in the world is known as:

If one uses a red light and a blue light as stimuli in a negative-patterning task, one would reward responding:

Gavin often gets punched by Tyler, the school bully. Gavin is also afraid of Tyler's twin brother, Tristan, since Tristan looks just like Tyler. This is an example of:

In the peak-shift effect, the maximum response during generalization is: