Question 1

Diagram 9-1 The molecular orbital diagram below may be used for the following problem(s). For oxygen and fluorine, the σ2p orbital should be lower in energy than the π2p orbitals. However, the diagram will still yield correct bond order and magnetic behavior for these molecules -Refer to Diagram 9-1. According to molecular orbital theory, what is the bond order of Ne₂2+? A) 0 B) 0.5 C) 1 D) 1.5 E) 2

Accepted Answer

The answer of Diagram 9-1
The molecular orbital diagram below may...

Question 2

Diagram 9-1 The molecular orbital diagram below may be used for the following problem(s). For oxygen and fluorine, the σ2p orbital should be lower in energy than the π2p orbitals. However, the diagram will still yield correct bond order and magnetic behavior for these molecules -Refer to Diagram 9-1. According to molecular orbital theory, which of the following species will be diamagnetic? A) O₂ B) C₂+ C) F₂- D) H₂ E) Li₂+

Accepted Answer

According to molecular orbital theory, if all the electrons in a species are paired, then the species is diamagnetic. In Option D, the H2 molecule has only two electrons, which are paired in the σ1s molecular orbital, making it diamagnetic. Options A, B, C, and E all have unpaired electrons, making them paramagnetic.

Question 3

Upon combustion, ethene (C₂H₄) is converted to carbon dioxide and water.What change occurs in the hybridization of carbon atoms in this reaction? A) sp to sp² B) sp² to sp³ C) sp³ to sp D) sp² to sp E) sp³ to sp²

Accepted Answer

Upon combustion, ethene (C2H4) is converted to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). There is no change in the hybridization of carbon atoms in this reaction as all the carbon atoms in ethene are already in sp2 hybridized state and remain in that state in both CO2 and H2O. Therefore, option D, sp2 to sp2, is the best choice.

Question 4

Diagram 9-1 The molecular orbital diagram below may be used for the following problem(s). For oxygen and fluorine, the σ2p orbital should be lower in energy than the π2p orbitals. However, the diagram will still yield correct bond order and magnetic behavior for these molecules -Refer to Diagram 9-1. According to molecular orbital theory, which of the following lists ranks the fluorine species in terms of increasing bond order? A) F₂²⁺ < F₂^2- < F₂ B) F₂^2- < F₂ < F₂²⁺ C) F₂ < F₂²⁺ < F₂^2- D) F₂ < F₂^2- < F₂²⁺ E) F₂²⁺ < F₂ < F₂^2-

Accepted Answer

The answer of Diagram 9-1
The molecular orbital diagram below may...

Question 5

Diagram 9-1 The molecular orbital diagram below may be used for the following problem(s). For oxygen and fluorine, the σ2p orbital should be lower in energy than the π2p orbitals. However, the diagram will still yield correct bond order and magnetic behavior for these molecules -Refer to Diagram 9-1. According to molecular orbital theory, which of the following species will be paramagnetic? A) Li₂ B) C₂ C) C₂- D) F₂ E) O₂2+

Accepted Answer

The species with unpaired electrons are paramagnetic, and only C₂- has an odd number of electrons, resulting in an unpaired electron in the antibonding π2p* orbital. Therefore, it is paramagnetic.

Question 6

Diagram 9-1 The molecular orbital diagram below may be used for the following problem(s). For oxygen and fluorine, the σ2p orbital should be lower in energy than the π2p orbitals. However, the diagram will still yield correct bond order and magnetic behavior for these molecules -Refer to Diagram 9-1. According to molecular orbital theory, which of the following species will have only one unpaired electron? A) C₂ B) Ne₂2+ C) O₂2- D) N2 E) O₂+

Accepted Answer

The species O₂+ (O2+) will have only one unpaired electron according to molecular orbital theory. This is because when you remove an electron from the molecular oxygen (O2), which normally has two unpaired electrons in its π*2p molecular orbitals, it results in a species (O2+) with only one unpaired electron.

Question 7

A molecular orbital that decreases the electron density between two nuclei is said to be ____.
A) hybridized
B) bonding
C) antibonding
D) pi-bonding
E) nonpolar

Accepted Answer

Antibonding orbitals have a nodal plane between the two nuclei, leading to a decrease in electron density and therefore weakening of the bond. Bonding orbitals, on the other hand, increase electron density between the nuclei, strengthening the bond. Hybridized orbitals involve the mixing of orbitals from different atoms to form new orbitals with hybrid characteristics. Pi-bonding orbitals are a type of bonding orbital that is involved in pi bonds. Nonpolar is not relevant in this context as it refers to the overall polarity of a molecule, not individual orbitals.

Question 8

Ammonia reacts with oxygen and water to produce nitric acid. What change in hybridization of the nitrogen atom occurs in this reaction? A) sp³ to sp² B) sp³ to sp C) sp² to sp³ D) sp² to sp E) no change

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ammonia reacts with oxygen and water to...

Question 9

Diagram 9-1 The molecular orbital diagram below may be used for the following problem(s). For oxygen and fluorine, the σ2p orbital should be lower in energy than the π2p orbitals. However, the diagram will still yield correct bond order and magnetic behavior for these molecules -Refer to Diagram 9-1. According to molecular orbital theory, what is the bond order of O₂-? A) 1 B) 1.5 C) 2 D) 2.5 E) 3

Accepted Answer

The answer of Diagram 9-1
The molecular orbital diagram below may...

Question 10

Which of the labeled carbon atoms (C₁-C₄) is/are sp hybridized? A) C₁ B) C₁ and C₂ C) C₃ D) C₂ and C₄ E) C₁ and C₃

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the labeled carbon atoms (C₁-C₄)...

Question 11

What is the hybridization of oxygen atom O? A) sp B) sp² C) sp³ D) sp⁴ E) none

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the hybridization of oxygen atom...

Question 12

Diagram 9-1 The molecular orbital diagram below may be used for the following problem(s). For oxygen and fluorine, the σ2p orbital should be lower in energy than the π2p orbitals. However, the diagram will still yield correct bond order and magnetic behavior for these molecules -Refer to Diagram 9-1. Consider the molecules B₂, C₂, N₂ and F₂. Which two molecules have the same bond order? A) B₂ and C₂ B) B₂ and F₂ C) C₂ and N₂ D) C₂ and F₂ E) N₂ and F₂

Accepted Answer

The answer of Diagram 9-1
The molecular orbital diagram below may...

Question 13

All of the following statements concerning molecular orbital (MO) theory are correct EXCEPT
A) the Pauli exclusion principle is obeyed.
B) Hund's rule is obeyed.
C) electrons are assigned to orbitals of successively higher energy.
D) a bonding molecular orbital is lower in energy than its parent atomic orbitals.
E) the combination of two atomic orbitals creates only one molecular orbital.

Accepted Answer

The combination of two atomic orbitals creates two molecular orbitals, one bonding and one antibonding.

Question 14

Which of the underlined atoms (C₁, C₂, N, and O) are sp² hybridized? A) N and O B) C1 and N C) C1 and O D) C2 and N E) C1 and C2

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the underlined atoms (C₁, C₂,...

Question 15

For which of the following compounds is it possible for cis and trans isomers to exist? 
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) 1 and 2
E) 1, 2, and 3

Accepted Answer

The answer of For which of the following compounds is...

Question 16

Atomic orbitals combine most effectively to form molecular orbitals when
A) electrons in the orbitals have no spins.
B) electrons in the orbitals have the same spin.
C) the atoms have an equal number of valence electrons.
D) the atomic orbitals have similar energies.
E) only d-orbitals are used in bonding.

Accepted Answer

When atomic orbitals have similar energies, they can combine more effectively to form molecular orbitals. This is because when two orbitals with similar energies combine, the resulting molecular orbital is more stable and lower in energy than when two orbitals with very different energies combine.

Question 17

Diagram 9-1 The molecular orbital diagram below may be used for the following problem(s). For oxygen and fluorine, the σ2p orbital should be lower in energy than the π2p orbitals. However, the diagram will still yield correct bond order and magnetic behavior for these molecules -Refer to Diagram 9-1. According to molecular orbital theory, which of the following species will have the lowest bond order? A) He₂+ B) H₂ C) C₂+ D) F₂2+ E) F₂

Accepted Answer

The bond order can be calculated using the formula: Bond Order = (Number of bonding electrons - Number of antibonding electrons) / 2. The species with the lowest bond order will have the highest number of antibonding electrons relative to bonding electrons. He₂+ has no electrons in bonding molecular orbitals and thus has the lowest bond order, effectively making it a species with no bond (bond order = 0).

Question 18

Diagram 9-1 The molecular orbital diagram below may be used for the following problem(s). For oxygen and fluorine, the σ2p orbital should be lower in energy than the π2p orbitals. However, the diagram will still yield correct bond order and magnetic behavior for these molecules -Refer to Diagram 9-1. According to molecular orbital theory, which of the following species will have the highest bond order? A) H₂- B) Li₂ C) C₂+ D) N₂ E) H₂

Accepted Answer

Bond order is calculated as 1/2 (number of bonding electrons - number of antibonding electrons). In the diagram, the number of bonding electrons in the σ2p and π2p orbitals for each species are: H₂-: 2 Li₂: 2 C₂+: 7 N₂: 6 H₂: 3 Therefore, the species with the highest bond order is N₂.

Question 19

Nitric acid, HNO₃, dissociates in water to form nitrate ions and hydronium ions. What change in hybridization of the nitrogen atom occurs in this dissociation? A) sp² to sp³ B) sp² to sp C) sp³ to sp D) sp to sp³ E) no change

Accepted Answer

The answer of Nitric acid, HNO₃, dissociates in water to...

Question 20

Which of the following hybridized atoms is impossible to form? A) An sp hybridized nitrogen atom B) An sp² hybridized oxygen atom C) An sp³ hybridized boron atom D) An sp³ hybridized phosphorus atom E) An sp³ hybridized hydrogen atom

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen has only one electron and can form a maximum of one covalent bond, making it impossible to achieve hybridization states that require more than one electron to participate, such as sp^3.

Quiz 10: Bonding and Molecular Structure Orbital Hybridization and Molecular Orbitals

Upon combustion, ethene (C2H4) is converted to carbon dioxide and water.What change occurs in the hybridization of carbon atoms in this reaction?

A molecular orbital that decreases the electron density between two nuclei is said to be ____.

Ammonia reacts with oxygen and water to produce nitric acid. What change in hybridization of the nitrogen atom occurs in this reaction?

Which of the labeled carbon atoms (C1-C4) is/are sp hybridized?

What is the hybridization of oxygen atom O?

All of the following statements concerning molecular orbital (MO) theory are correct EXCEPT

Which of the underlined atoms (C1, C2, N, and O) are sp2 hybridized?

For which of the following compounds is it possible for cis and trans isomers to exist?

Atomic orbitals combine most effectively to form molecular orbitals when

Nitric acid, HNO3, dissociates in water to form nitrate ions and hydronium ions. What change in hybridization of the nitrogen atom occurs in this dissociation?

Which of the following hybridized atoms is impossible to form?

Upon combustion, ethene (C₂H₄) is converted to carbon dioxide and water.What change occurs in the hybridization of carbon atoms in this reaction?

Which of the labeled carbon atoms (C₁-C₄) is/are sp hybridized?

Which of the underlined atoms (C₁, C₂, N, and O) are sp² hybridized?

Nitric acid, HNO₃, dissociates in water to form nitrate ions and hydronium ions. What change in hybridization of the nitrogen atom occurs in this dissociation?