Question 1

Glycan arrays can be coupled with to qualitatively compare fractionated cell extracts from different sources.
A) MALDI-TOF
B) HPLC
C) size exclusion chromatography
D) mass spectrometry

Accepted Answer

HPLC is a high-resolution separation technique commonly used to separate complex mixtures of biomolecules, including glycans. It can be used to fractionate cell extracts and compare the glycan content between different sources. MALDI-TOF and mass spectrometry are useful for analyzing the composition and structure of individual glycans, but may not be as effective in comparing complex mixtures. Size exclusion chromatography is a size-based separation technique and may not be as specific for separating glycans as HPLC.

Question 2

A $\beta$-elimination reaction is used in glycan characterization to
A) label the antibody arrays.
B) fluorescently label glycoproteins.
C) cleave the O-linked glycans.
D) cleave the N-linked glycans.

Accepted Answer

F1F1F1S1βF1F1F10-elimination reaction is specifically used to cleave O-linked glycans from proteins, aiding in the characterization of glycan structures.

Question 3

The figure below is a fluorescence readout from a lectin array. What can be deduced from B? 
A) There is no interaction between the glycan and the lectin in the well.
B) There is a glycan-lectin interaction in the well.
C) There is an interaction, but there is no way to determine the species that are interacting.
D) Glycan cleavage from the glycoconjugate has been achieved.

Accepted Answer

The fluorescence readout in B indicates that there is a glycan-lectin interaction in the well.

Question 4

Which technique provides information about the arrangement of sugars in a glycan fraction?
A) glycan arrays
B) MALDI-TOF
C) mass spectrometry
D) high-performance liquid chromatography

Accepted Answer

High-performance liquid chromatography can be used to separate and analyze the individual sugars within a glycan fraction, providing information about their arrangement. Glycan arrays, MALDI-TOF, and mass spectrometry can provide information about the identity and structure of the glycans, but not their arrangement.

Question 5

The glycan fragment shown on the right has been cleaved by glycosylase enzymes, and HPLC analysis has produced the peaks 1 to 6.  Which of the following fragments corresponds to peak 5?
A)

B) 
C) 
D)

Accepted Answer

The answer of The glycan fragment shown on the right...

Question 6

The glycan fragment shown below on the right has been cleaved by glycosylase enzymes and HPLC analysis has produced the peaks 1 to 6. Which of the following fragments corresponds to peak 1?  
A) 
B) 
C) 
D)

Accepted Answer

The answer of The glycan fragment shown below on the...

Question 7

Arrays made with chemically synthesized glycans are used to investigate glycan-binding properties
A) of different arrangements of sugar groups using HPLC.
B) by comparing the mass-to-charge ratio of the fragments with known glycan groups.
C) of different types of pathogenic bacteria using HPLC.
D) by comparing the affinity of lectins with structurally related glycan groups.

Accepted Answer

Arrays made with chemically synthesized glycans are commonly used to investigate the binding properties of different types of lectins. This can be done by comparing the affinity of lectins with structurally related glycan groups. Other techniques such as HPLC and mass spectrometry can also be used in conjunction with glycan arrays to further analyze binding properties. However, choice D is the most accurate and specific answer to the given question.

Question 8

Which fluorescent dye is used to label glycans before HPLC?
A) 2-aminobenzamide
B) sodium hydroxide and sodium borohydride
C) sodium cyanoborohydride
D) PNGaseF

Accepted Answer

2-aminobenzamide is commonly used to fluorescently label glycans before HPLC analysis. Sodium hydroxide and sodium borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, and PNGaseF are not fluorescent dyes used for this purpose.

Question 9

To detect lectins on the surface of pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria, __________ would be used.
A) HPLC
B) MALDI-TOF
C) a glycan array
D) column chromatography

Accepted Answer

A glycan array is a high-throughput screening method that can detect lectins and their binding specificities to various glycans. It is commonly used for detecting lectins on bacterial surfaces. HPLC, MALDI-TOF, and column chromatography are not suitable for this purpose.

Question 10

The glycan fragment shown below on the right has been cleaved by glycosylase enzymes, and HPLC analysis has produced the peaks 1 to 6. Which of the following fragments corresponds to peak 6?  
A) 
B) 
C) 
D)

Accepted Answer

Peak 6 corresponds to the glycan fragment with the structure 11eaca6f_bcee_d25c_9abe_777f30966f8f_TB1187_00.

Question 11

Which technique can identify N-linked glycans in a mixed sample?
A) lectin arrays
B) glycan arrays
C) mass spectrometry
D) high-performance liquid chromatography

Accepted Answer

Mass spectrometry is the most common technique used for identifying N-linked glycans in a mixed sample. It allow for accurate determination of the mass and composition of individual glycans, making it possible to distinguish between different glycan structures. Lectin arrays and glycan arrays are useful for profiling glycans and detecting changes in glycosylation patterns, but they may not be as effective for identifying individual glycans in complex mixtures. HPLC can separate and detect individual glycans, but it may not provide enough information to identify their structures.

Question 12

One common way to characterize glycans is to
A) digest the glycan into fragments using trypsin and chymotrypsin.
B) use affinity chromatography to recognize the different sugars.
C) incubate fluorescently labeled glycoproteins with lectin.
D) use ELISA to determine the structure.

Accepted Answer

Incubation with fluorescently labeled lectin allows for the recognition of specific sugar moieties in the glycan structure. Options A, B, and D do not directly characterize the glycan structure.

Question 13

Why are glycans more difficult to structurally analyze compared with proteins or nucleic acids?
A) Proteins are smaller than most glycans.
B) Nucleic acids are polar, whereas most glycans are nonpolar.
C) Sugar synthesis is a template-directed process.
D) Glycans have sugar isomers with identical masses.

Accepted Answer

Glycans have sugar isomers with identical masses, which makes them more difficult to structurally analyze compared to proteins or nucleic acids. This is because the presence of isomers complicates the analysis by mass spectrometry and other techniques, as different structures can have the same mass.

Question 14

In a lectin array, how are lectin proteins attached to the solid support?
A) van der Waals interactions
B) hydrogen bonding
C) covalent bonding
D) ionic interactions

Accepted Answer

Lectin proteins are attached to the solid support via covalent bonding, which results in a stable and long-lasting attachment. Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between the lectin protein and the solid support, creating a strong bond that is resistant to different washing and staining procedures. Van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonding, and ionic interactions have weaker binding strengths and may not be sufficient to maintain the stability of the lectin array.

Question 15

Explain the difference between simple sugars, polysaccharides, and glycoconjugates.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain the difference between simple sugars, polysaccharides,...

Question 16

The figure below is a fluorescence readout from a lectin array. What can be deduced from A? 
A) There is no interaction between the glycan and the lectin in the well.
B) There is a glycan-lectin interaction in the well.
C) There is an interaction, but there is no way to determine the species that are interacting.
D) Glycan cleavage from the glycoconjugate has been achieved.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The figure below is a fluorescence readout...

Question 17

Explain the connection the disaccharide lactose has to lacto-N-tetraose and lacto-N-fucopentaose I that is found in human breast milk.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain the connection the disaccharide lactose has...

Question 18

Give an example of a mono-, di-, and polysaccharide and explain the biological importance of each.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Give an example of a mono-, di-,...

Question 19

Approximately 11 different monosaccharides are used as building blocks of glycan groups in glycoconjugates. However, a predictive sugar code has been difficult to identify. Propose three reasons for this difficulty.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Approximately 11 different monosaccharides are used as...

Question 20

Explain how sucrose is related to raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain how sucrose is related to raffinose,...

Quiz 13: Carbohydrate Structure and Function

Glycan arrays can be coupled with to qualitatively compare fractionated cell extracts from different sources.

A $\beta$ -elimination reaction is used in glycan characterization to

The figure below is a fluorescence readout from a lectin array. What can be deduced from B?

Which technique provides information about the arrangement of sugars in a glycan fraction?

The glycan fragment shown on the right has been cleaved by glycosylase enzymes, and HPLC analysis has produced the peaks 1 to 6. Which of the following fragments corresponds to peak 5?

The glycan fragment shown below on the right has been cleaved by glycosylase enzymes and HPLC analysis has produced the peaks 1 to 6. Which of the following fragments corresponds to peak 1?

Arrays made with chemically synthesized glycans are used to investigate glycan-binding properties

Which fluorescent dye is used to label glycans before HPLC?

To detect lectins on the surface of pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria, __________ would be used.

The glycan fragment shown below on the right has been cleaved by glycosylase enzymes, and HPLC analysis has produced the peaks 1 to 6. Which of the following fragments corresponds to peak 6?

Which technique can identify N-linked glycans in a mixed sample?

One common way to characterize glycans is to

Why are glycans more difficult to structurally analyze compared with proteins or nucleic acids?

In a lectin array, how are lectin proteins attached to the solid support?

Explain the difference between simple sugars, polysaccharides, and glycoconjugates.

The figure below is a fluorescence readout from a lectin array. What can be deduced from A?

Explain the connection the disaccharide lactose has to lacto-N-tetraose and lacto-N-fucopentaose I that is found in human breast milk.

Give an example of a mono-, di-, and polysaccharide and explain the biological importance of each.

Approximately 11 different monosaccharides are used as building blocks of glycan groups in glycoconjugates. However, a predictive sugar code has been difficult to identify. Propose three reasons for this difficulty.

Explain how sucrose is related to raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose.

Quiz 13: Carbohydrate Structure and Function

Glycan arrays can be coupled with to qualitatively compare fractionated cell extracts from different sources.

A β\betaβ -elimination reaction is used in glycan characterization to

The figure below is a fluorescence readout from a lectin array. What can be deduced from B?

Which technique provides information about the arrangement of sugars in a glycan fraction?

The glycan fragment shown on the right has been cleaved by glycosylase enzymes, and HPLC analysis has produced the peaks 1 to 6. Which of the following fragments corresponds to peak 5?

The glycan fragment shown below on the right has been cleaved by glycosylase enzymes and HPLC analysis has produced the peaks 1 to 6. Which of the following fragments corresponds to peak 1?

Arrays made with chemically synthesized glycans are used to investigate glycan-binding properties

Which fluorescent dye is used to label glycans before HPLC?

To detect lectins on the surface of pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria, __________ would be used.

The glycan fragment shown below on the right has been cleaved by glycosylase enzymes, and HPLC analysis has produced the peaks 1 to 6. Which of the following fragments corresponds to peak 6?

Which technique can identify N-linked glycans in a mixed sample?

One common way to characterize glycans is to

Why are glycans more difficult to structurally analyze compared with proteins or nucleic acids?

In a lectin array, how are lectin proteins attached to the solid support?

Explain the difference between simple sugars, polysaccharides, and glycoconjugates.

The figure below is a fluorescence readout from a lectin array. What can be deduced from A?

Explain the connection the disaccharide lactose has to lacto-N-tetraose and lacto-N-fucopentaose I that is found in human breast milk.

Give an example of a mono-, di-, and polysaccharide and explain the biological importance of each.

Approximately 11 different monosaccharides are used as building blocks of glycan groups in glycoconjugates. However, a predictive sugar code has been difficult to identify. Propose three reasons for this difficulty.

Explain how sucrose is related to raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose.

A $\beta$ -elimination reaction is used in glycan characterization to