Question 1

According to the Gestalt principle of ,elements that move in unison are likely to be per- ceptually grouped.
A)proximity
B)similarity
C)common motion

Accepted Answer

The principle of common motion states that elements that move together are perceived as a single object or group. This is why we perceive a flock of birds or a school of fish as a cohesive unit, even though there may be many individual entities moving in different directions.

Question 2

Gray et al.(1989)studied synchronized neural oscillations while recording from two neurons,and they found that
A)the neurons responded with strongly synchronized neural oscillations when a single bar of light matching the neurons' preferred orientation moved across their receptive fields.
B)the neurons responded with strongly synchronized neural oscillations when two separate but aligned bars of light matching the neurons' preferred orientation moved across their recep- tive fields.
C)the neurons responded with strongly synchronized neural oscillations when two separate bars of light moved in opposite directions across their receptive fields.

Accepted Answer

Gray et al. found that the neurons responded with strongly synchronized neural oscillations when a single bar of light matching the neurons' preferred orientation moved across their receptive fields. This suggests that the neurons were specifically tuned to respond to certain visual stimuli and that their responses were synchronized, which could indicate that they were processing the stimulus together in some way. Option B involves two bars of light, and option C involves bars of light moving in different directions, neither of which was shown to result in strong synchronization in Gray et al.'s study.

Question 3

A region perceived to be meaningful is perceived as the ,and a region that is convex (outward-going)is perceived as the .
A)figure;ground
B)ground;figure
C)figure;figure

Accepted Answer

C

Question 4

Perceptual interpolation consists of two different operations: .
A)edge completion and illusory contours
B)edge completion and surface completion
C)illusory contours and surface completion

Accepted Answer

The answer of Perceptual interpolation consists of two different operations:...

Question 5

This figure shows four stimuli and four response patterns for neurons in area V2 from the study by von der Heydt et al.(1984).This study suggests that
A)there is a neural basis for perceptual interpolation.
B)there is not a neural basis for neural interpolation.
C)there is a neural basis for edge completion but not surface completion.

Accepted Answer

The study by von der Heydt et al. suggests that there is a neural basis for perceptual interpolation, which involves filling in missing information in a visual scene. This is supported by the response patterns of neurons in area V2, which show activity in response to incomplete or partially occluded stimuli, indicating that the brain is able to fill in missing information based on contextual cues. Therefore, choice A is the best answer. Choice B is incorrect because the study does not suggest that there is no neural basis for neural interpolation (it actually supports it). Choice C is incorrect because the study demonstrates a neural basis for both edge and surface completion.

Question 6

Regions that are perceived as being in front are perceived as the ,and regions that are symmetrical are perceived as the .
A)figure;ground
B)ground;figure
C)figure;figure

Accepted Answer

The answer of Regions that are perceived as being in...

Question 7

The study by Gray et al.(1989)suggests that the Gestalt principles of may be repre- sented by synchronized neural oscillations.
A)proximity,simplicity,and meaningfulness
B)similarity,good continuation,and common motion
C)proximity,good continuation,and common motion

Accepted Answer

The Gestalt principles of similarity, good continuation, and common motion are all related to the perception and grouping of visual elements. The study by Gray et al. (1989) suggests that these principles may be represented by synchronized neural oscillations, particularly in the gamma frequency range. Proximity, simplicity, and meaningfulness are also Gestalt principles, but there is no evidence in the study to support their representation by neural oscillations. Thus, choice B (similarity, good continuation, and common motion) is the best choice based on the information provided.

Question 8

The fact that different retinal images can be projected by the same object or category of objects is known as
A)image clutter.
B)object variety.
C)variable views.

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon where the same object or category of objects can produce different retinal images is known as variable views. Option A, image clutter, is not a relevant term in this context. Option B, object variety, refers to the variety of objects in a scene, rather than the variability of a single object's appearance.

Question 9

When one object partly occludes another,the border between the two is seen as belonging to the
A)occluded object.
B)occluding object.
C)object perceived as being in back.

Accepted Answer

The border between two objects, where one partly occludes the other, is perceived as belonging to the occluding object. This is because the occluding object is seen as being in front of the occluded object, making its borders more prominent to the observer.

Question 10

______________ is the first cortical area that belongs exclusively to the ventral pathway.
A)Area V1
B)Area V2
C)Area V4

Accepted Answer

Area V4 is the first cortical area that belongs exclusively to the ventral pathway, as it is involved in object recognition and color perception, both of which are more important for the ventral pathway than for the dorsal pathway. Area V1 and V2 are part of both the dorsal and ventral pathways.

Question 11

Perceptual organization includes all of the following except
A)representing edges.
B)dividing regions into figure and ground.
C)object recognition.

Accepted Answer

Perceptual organization includes representing edges and dividing regions into figure and ground, but object recognition is not considered as one of its components. Object recognition is a higher level process that comes after the perceptions have been organized.

Question 12

In an ambiguous figure like Rubin's face/vase,you assign the border to
A)the faces always.
B)the vase always.
C)either the faces or the vase depending on which you see as the figure.

Accepted Answer

In an ambiguous figure like Rubin's face/vase, the border can be seen as either the faces or the vase depending on the viewer's perception. It is a subjective experience and can vary person to person. Hence, choice C is the best option.

Question 13

We always assign border ownership to
A)the figure.
B)the ground.
C)anything but a shadow.

Accepted Answer

Border ownership is typically assigned to the figure, not the ground or shadows, because the figure is perceived as being closer to the viewer and having a definite shape that stands out against the background.

Question 14

A region perceived to be surrounded by other regions is perceived as the ,and a region that is concave (inward-going)is perceived as the .
A)figure;ground
B)ground;figure
C)figure;figure

Accepted Answer

According to the Gestalt principles of perception, a region that is perceived to be surrounded by other regions is seen as the figure, while the surrounding regions are seen as the ground. This is known as figure-ground perception. Additionally, a region that is concave or inward-going is also seen as the figure, while the surrounding region is seen as the ground. Therefore, the best choice is A, where the first region is perceived as the figure and the second region is perceived as the ground.

Question 15

______________ refers to a pattern of neural activity in the brain that contains information about a stimulus,while refers to the process of matching a representation of a stimulus to a representation stored in long-term memory.
A)Representation;recognition
B)Recognition;perceptual interpolation
C)Representation;perceptual organization

Accepted Answer

Representation refers to the pattern of neural activity in the brain that contains information about a stimulus, while recognition refers to the process of matching a representation of the stimulus to a representation stored in long-term memory. Therefore, option A (Representation; recognition) provides the most appropriate pairing of terms. Perceptual interpolation and perceptual organization refer to different aspects of how our brain perceives and organizes sensory information, so neither of these terms pairs well with representation or recognition.

Question 16

According to the Gestalt principle of ,the elements xxooxxoo are likely to be perceptu- ally grouped as pairs of x's and o's.
A)proximity
B)similarity
C)common motion

Accepted Answer

The Gestalt principle of similarity states that objects that are similar to each other tend to be perceived as a group or pattern. In the case of "xxooxxoo," the similarity between the x's and the o's makes it likely that they will be grouped together, forming pairs based on their similarity.

Question 17

Research by Zhou et al.(2000)on the neural basis of border ownership concluded that
A)it isn't until the later visual areas that information about border ownership is used.
B)the early visual areas do use information about border ownership.
C)the visual system does not encode information about border ownership.

Accepted Answer

Zhou et al. (2000) found evidence that the early visual areas do use information about border ownership, contradicting option C. Option A is incorrect because the research showed that information about border ownership is used in the early visual areas, not just the later areas. Therefore, the best choice is B.

Question 18

Heuristics are
A)absolute laws of perceptual organization.
B)rules of thumb for perceptual organization.
C)guaranteed to produce correct perceptual groupings.

Accepted Answer

Heuristics are not absolute laws, but rather guidelines that help us make sense of the world around us. They are not guaranteed to produce correct perceptual groupings, but they are often useful in quickly and efficiently organizing sensory information. Therefore, option B - rules of thumb for perceptual organization - is the best choice.

Question 19

According to the Gestalt principle of ,elements that are close together are likely to be perceptually grouped.
A)proximity
B)similarity
C)common motion

Accepted Answer

The Gestalt principle of proximity states that elements that are close together in space are likely to be perceived as a group or unit. This is because our brains naturally seek to organize sensory input into meaningful patterns, and objects that are close to each other are more likely to form a coherent group than those that are spaced farther apart. By contrast, similarity refers to the tendency to group elements that are similar in color, shape, or texture, while common motion refers to the idea that objects that move together are likely to be perceived as belonging to the same group.

Question 20

______________ refers to the fact that most scenes contain many objects scattered in three-dimensional space.
A)Image clutter
B)Object variety
C)Variable views

Accepted Answer

Image clutter refers to the large number of objects in a scene that can make it difficult for object recognition algorithms to identify and classify specific objects. The other choices are not directly related to this concept.

Quiz 4: Recognizing Visual Objects

According to the Gestalt principle of ,elements that move in unison are likely to be per- ceptually grouped.

Gray et al.(1989) studied synchronized neural oscillations while recording from two neurons,and they found that

A region perceived to be meaningful is perceived as the ,and a region that is convex (outward-going) is perceived as the .

Perceptual interpolation consists of two different operations: .

This figure shows four stimuli and four response patterns for neurons in area V2 from the study by von der Heydt et al.(1984) .This study suggests that

Regions that are perceived as being in front are perceived as the ,and regions that are symmetrical are perceived as the .

The study by Gray et al.(1989) suggests that the Gestalt principles of may be repre- sented by synchronized neural oscillations.

The fact that different retinal images can be projected by the same object or category of objects is known as

When one object partly occludes another,the border between the two is seen as belonging to the

______________ is the first cortical area that belongs exclusively to the ventral pathway.

Perceptual organization includes all of the following except

In an ambiguous figure like Rubin's face/vase,you assign the border to

We always assign border ownership to

A region perceived to be surrounded by other regions is perceived as the ,and a region that is concave (inward-going) is perceived as the .

______________ refers to a pattern of neural activity in the brain that contains information about a stimulus,while refers to the process of matching a representation of a stimulus to a representation stored in long-term memory.

According to the Gestalt principle of ,the elements xxooxxoo are likely to be perceptu- ally grouped as pairs of x's and o's.

Research by Zhou et al.(2000) on the neural basis of border ownership concluded that

Heuristics are

According to the Gestalt principle of ,elements that are close together are likely to be perceptually grouped.

______________ refers to the fact that most scenes contain many objects scattered in three-dimensional space.