Question 1

In a __________ design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.
A) cohort
B) longitudinal
C) behavior genetics
D) cross-sectional

Accepted Answer

In a longitudinal design, participants are followed and assessed over time, allowing for the study of individual or group changes and their effects. This is in contrast to cross-sectional designs, which gather data from different groups at a single point in time, and cohort designs, which study groups born during the same time period. Behavior genetics is a different area of study that focuses on the contribution of genetics to behavior and personality.

Question 2

According to research conducted by Ridley (1999), how could individuals like Adolph Hitler, serial killer Ted Bundy, and Unabomber Timothy McVeigh commit such acts according to the "nature versus nurture" debate?
A) These individuals were born (nature) to commit such horrendous acts. It was in their genetic makeup.
B) Their behaviors are the result of the interaction of nature and nurture.
C) These individual's behaviors were attributed to "nurture" and influences of their parents.
D) These individuals learned to commit these behaviors after staying in long periods of isolation according to Ridley

Accepted Answer

Ridley's research suggests that complex behaviors like those exhibited by Hitler, Bundy, and McVeigh are the result of a combination of both genetic factors (nature) and environmental influences (nurture). Therefore, their actions are not solely attributed to genetics or upbringing but rather a combination of the two.

Question 3

__________ refers to heredity and __________ refers to environmental influences.
A) Nature; nurture
B) Cognition; emotion
C) Nurture; behavioral genetics
D) Cross-sectional; longitudinal

Accepted Answer

"Nature" refers to heredity, or the genetic factors that influence development, while "nurture" refers to the environmental influences that shape development. Options B, C, and D are not accurate pairs of terms for this concept.

Question 4

A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is, by definition, using the __________ method.
A) cohort design
B) longitudinal design
C) behavior genetics design
D) cross-sectional design

Accepted Answer

A cross-sectional design involves selecting a sample of people from different age groups and studying them at one point in time. This allows for comparisons between the different age groups and provides information about age-related differences in the variables being studied. In contrast, a longitudinal design involves studying the same group of people over an extended period of time, and a cohort design involves studying different groups of people who were born at different times but are the same age at the time of the study. A behavior genetics design involves studying the influence of genetic and environmental factors on behavior.

Question 5

Professor Sanchez is interested in studying development of motor skills. She collects data from 200 one-year-olds and follows and assesses them for a period of five years. What type of research design is Professor Sanchez using?
A) cohort design
B) longitudinal design
C) behavior genetics design
D) cross-sectional design

Accepted Answer

Professor Sanchez is using a longitudinal design, which involves collecting data from the same individuals over a period of time. In this case, she is studying the development of motor skills in 200 one-year-olds over a period of five years.

Question 6

Each of the 10 children born to Ernest and Elvira Orangeburg has been born with red hair. Each child is also very intelligent and athletic. The Orangeburg's are expecting an 11^th child who is also likely to be born with the same traits according to __________ as evidenced in the __________ A) nurture; Nature versus Nurture debate. B) nature; Nature versus Nurture debate. C) environmental factors; Conception Theory. D) teratogens; Conception Theory.

Accepted Answer

The statement "Each of the 10 children born to Ernest and Elvira Orangeburg has been born with red hair. Each child is also very intelligent and athletic" suggests that genetics or nature is playing a significant role in determining these traits. Therefore, the best answer would be option B: nature, as it aligns with the Nature versus Nurture debate, which argues that genetics or nature plays a significant role in determining who we are.

Question 7

The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death is called __________
A) abnormal psychology.
B) gerontology.
C) developmental psychology.
D) maturational studies.

Accepted Answer

Developmental psychology is the branch of psychology that studies the psychological growth of individuals throughout their lifespan, from conception to death. It encompasses changes in physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development.

Question 8

Professor Grant is interested in studying the development of a sense of humor. She collects data from groups of 6-year-olds, 16-year-olds, 26-year-olds, and 46-year-olds. What type of research design is Professor Grant using?
A) cohort design
B) longitudinal design
C) behavior genetics design
D) cross-sectional design

Accepted Answer

Professor Grant is using a cross-sectional design, which involves comparing different age groups at a single point in time to see differences in the development of a sense of humor. A cohort design would involve following a specific group of individuals over time to see changes in their sense of humor, while a longitudinal design would involve collecting data from the same group of individuals at multiple points in time to see how their sense of humor develops over time. A behavior genetics design would involve studying the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the development of a sense of humor.

Question 9

Biff and his twin brother Bernie, were part of a twins study. They were first observed by the researchers when they were 5 years old, and then again later when they were 10 years old. What type of a study were they in?
A) case
B) cross-sectional
C) longitudinal
D) periodical

Accepted Answer

Biff and Bernie were observed at two different time points, 5 and 10 years old, which indicates they were part of a longitudinal study. Longitudinal studies involve observing the same group of individuals over a period of time to track changes or development.

Question 10

Juan and Carlos are identical twins. Juan was raised by his father and mother, and Carlos was accidentally placed with another family after a "mix up" at the hospital. At the age of 15, both boys "ran into each other" at a football game and noticed how they appeared to be "mirror images of each other." After proving they were twins by genetic testing, the families discussed some of the differences between the boys. Juan is very athletic and intelligent and excels in basketball but does not take school seriously and has F's in all subjects. Carlos is also athletic and intelligent, and excels in baseball and makes straight A's as a result of his strict home life and study routine. Although they are identical twins, what do you think accounts for the differences in their academic performance based on the research?
A) nurture
B) nature
C) school district superintendent
D) teacher appraisals of performance

Accepted Answer

The differences in the boys' academic performance are likely due to differences in their environments and upbringing, rather than solely genetic factors. Juan's lack of academic success may be a result of less structure and discipline in his home life, while Carlos benefits from a strict routine and expectations placed upon him by his family. This suggests that nurture, or environmental factors, are playing a significant role in their academic performance.

Question 11

__________ is the study of how humans grow, develop and change throughout the lifespan.
A) Social psychology
B) Behavioral psychology
C) Developmental psychology
D) Sociobiology

Accepted Answer

Developmental psychology is the study of how humans grow, develop and change throughout the lifespan. Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. Behavioral psychology focuses on the study of observable behavior and its effect on learning. Sociobiology is the scientific study of the biological and genetic basis of behavior in social animals, including humans.

Question 12

Who scored the highest intelligence test score ever recorded?
A) Dr. Robert Jarvik, inventor of the artificial heart
B) Albert Einstein, the famous physicist
C) Marilyn Mach Vos Savant, as a 10-year-old
D) William Jefferson Clinton, the 42nd president of the United States

Accepted Answer

Marilyn Mach Vos Savant achieved a score of 228 on the Stanford-Binet IQ test, which is the highest score ever recorded. While there may be other individuals with high intelligence who have not taken or publicized their test scores, Vos Savant's score is recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the highest score ever recorded. Dr. Robert Jarvik, Albert Einstein, and Bill Clinton are all highly intelligent individuals, but there is no recorded evidence that they have achieved a higher score than Vos Savant.

Question 13

Dr. Ahmandi is a developmental psychologist who studies memory development. In one of her research projects she tested memory in a group of five-year-old children. Then she gave the same test to a group of nine-year-olds and compared the results of the two groups to see how memory changes over this time span. This is a type of __________
A) longitudinal study.
B) cross-sectional study.
C) case study.
D) experimental study.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Ahmandi's study is a cross-sectional study because she compared the performance of two groups of children of different ages at one point in time. A longitudinal study would involve testing the same group of children over a period of time to see how their memory develops. A case study would involve an in-depth analysis of a single individual or a small group, and an experimental study would involve manipulating a variable to see its effects on memory.

Question 14

A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their lives. This psychologist is most likely working in the field of __________
A) abnormal psychology.
B) gerontology.
C) human development.
D) maturational studies.

Accepted Answer

Human development is the study of how and why people change throughout their lives, including physical, cognitive, and socioemotional changes. This field includes the study of lifespan development, which looks at development from birth to death.

Question 15

A research study in which different groups of people of different ages are compared to assess a particular variable is a __________
A) cross-sectional study.
B) longitudinal study.
C) experimental study.
D) survey.

Accepted Answer

A research study in which different groups of people of different ages are compared to assess a particular variable is called a cross-sectional study. The study does not involve following people over time, but rather collecting data at one point in time from different age groups to compare their characteristics and behaviors. Longitudinal studies, on the other hand, involve following a group of people over an extended period to assess changes in a particular variable. Experimental studies involve manipulating variables to evaluate the effect on the outcome, while surveys involve collecting data through self-reported responses from individuals.

Question 16

Jeremy has grown about four inches taller over the past six months. This change in Jeremy's height represents a(n) __________ change.
A) quantitative
B) qualitative
C) stage
D) centration

Accepted Answer

Jeremy's growth in height can be measured quantitatively (in inches) and is not a change in type or stage of development. It does not involve the concept of centration, which refers to the tendency to focus only on one aspect of a situation while ignoring others.

Question 17

Dr. Smith believes people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences. Dr. Goldberg believes people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors. Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement?
A) nature versus nurture
B) cognition versus emotion
C) classical versus operant conditioning
D) cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies

Accepted Answer

Dr. Smith's belief in the impact of life experiences and Dr. Goldberg's belief in genetic factors represent the nature versus nurture debate in human development.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a drawback of longitudinal studies?
A) researchers always have a biased sample
B) they are time consuming
C) they are expensive
D) participants may drop out over time

Accepted Answer

Researchers do not always have a biased sample in longitudinal studies. The other options are all drawbacks of longitudinal studies.

Question 19

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the longitudinal design?
A) Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another.
B) It is relatively inexpensive.
C) It takes a shorter amount of time than a cross-sectional design.
D) Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.

Accepted Answer

Participants may drop out of the study, which can cause a loss of data and potential bias in the results.

Question 20

A researcher began collecting data on a group of twenty-five children in the late 1970s. She is still compiling data on these individuals, who are now in their early thirties. This researcher is conducting a __________ study.
A) longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) case
D) survey

Accepted Answer

The researcher is collecting data on the same group of individuals over a long period of time, which is characteristic of a longitudinal study.

Quiz 8: Child Development

In a __________ design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.

According to research conducted by Ridley (1999) , how could individuals like Adolph Hitler, serial killer Ted Bundy, and Unabomber Timothy McVeigh commit such acts according to the "nature versus nurture" debate?

refers to heredity and refers to environmental influences.

A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is, by definition, using the __________ method.

Professor Sanchez is interested in studying development of motor skills. She collects data from 200 one-year-olds and follows and assesses them for a period of five years. What type of research design is Professor Sanchez using?

Each of the 10 children born to Ernest and Elvira Orangeburg has been born with red hair. Each child is also very intelligent and athletic. The Orangeburg's are expecting an 11^th child who is also likely to be born with the same traits according to as evidenced in the

The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death is called __________

Professor Grant is interested in studying the development of a sense of humor. She collects data from groups of 6-year-olds, 16-year-olds, 26-year-olds, and 46-year-olds. What type of research design is Professor Grant using?

Biff and his twin brother Bernie, were part of a twins study. They were first observed by the researchers when they were 5 years old, and then again later when they were 10 years old. What type of a study were they in?

__________ is the study of how humans grow, develop and change throughout the lifespan.

Who scored the highest intelligence test score ever recorded?

A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their lives. This psychologist is most likely working in the field of __________

A research study in which different groups of people of different ages are compared to assess a particular variable is a __________

Jeremy has grown about four inches taller over the past six months. This change in Jeremy's height represents a(n) __________ change.

Which of the following is NOT a drawback of longitudinal studies?

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the longitudinal design?

A researcher began collecting data on a group of twenty-five children in the late 1970s. She is still compiling data on these individuals, who are now in their early thirties. This researcher is conducting a __________ study.