Question 1

Alice wonders if Justin really likes her. Since his behaviour toward her may be the result of other factors besides his real attitude, the best way for her to measure his true attitude is to
A) observe his average treatment of her over time.
B) see whether he invites her to a party this weekend.
C) notice how close he sits to her in psychology class.
D) observe his reaction to the question, "Don't you like me?"

Accepted Answer

Observing Justin's average treatment of Alice over time will provide a more accurate measure of his true attitude compared to one-time occurrences like being invited to a party or sitting close in class. Additionally, asking a direct question about his feelings may not elicit a genuine response.

Question 2

Zanna and Pack found that gender roles ___________ our actions.
A) shape
B) don't affect
C) and sexuality do not affect
D) and social status impact

Accepted Answer

Zanna and Pack conducted research that concluded gender roles have an impact on our actions, therefore, shape is the best choice.

Question 3

When the measured attitude is general and the behaviour is very specific, we _________ expect a close correspondence between words and actions. Attitudes _______ predict behaviour in 26 studies in which the measured attitude was directly pertinent to the situation.
A) should; did not
B) should not; did
C) should not; did not
D) should; did

Accepted Answer

When attitudes are general and behaviors are specific, there is often a discrepancy between what people say and what they do, hence we should not expect a close correspondence. However, when attitudes measured are directly relevant to the situation, they are more likely to predict behavior accurately, as was found in 26 studies.

Question 4

If your goal was to increase recycling of aluminum cans through persuasion, it would be best to argue
A) for the need to protect and preserve global resources.
B) for the personal benefit of doing one's part.
C) for the benefits of recycling.
D) for the long-term dangers to the environment if we don't recycle all recyclable products.

Accepted Answer

It would be best to argue for the benefits of recycling aluminum cans, as this highlights the immediate advantages for individuals and encourages them to recycle. Arguments focused on global resources or long-term environmental dangers may not have as strong of an impact on individuals' recycling habits.

Question 5

If you want to increase the potency of your attitude toward helping the homeless, one of the most effective things you could do is
A) read about the problem of homelessness.
B) help out regularly at the local homeless shelter.
C) listen to inspirational tapes on the topic of helping the needy.
D) none of the choices are correct.

Accepted Answer

Helping out regularly at a local homeless shelter allows for hands-on experience and a deeper understanding of the issue of homelessness. It also provides opportunities to make personal connections with the homeless individuals and witness the impact of your actions. This can increase your motivation and dedication to helping the homeless population. Reading and listening to inspirational materials can also be helpful, but they may not have the same tangible impact as volunteering at a homeless shelter.

Question 6

Snyder and Swann asked male students to act as jurors in a sex discrimination case. The men's previously recorded attitudes ended up predicting their verdicts only if they
A) recorded their verdicts in writing.
B) were first instructed to recall their attitudes.
C) were asked to decide quickly and impulsively.
D) first discussed their opinions with the rest of the group.

Accepted Answer

The research suggests that recalling attitudes before making a decision made the men's previously recorded attitudes predict their verdicts. This implies that their attitudes may have influenced their judgments when they were explicitly reminded of them. Therefore, the men's recall of their attitudes may have made them more aware of their own biases, leading them to behave more consistently with their attitudes when making their judgments.

Question 7

Jack is tempted to shoplift an expensive camera even though he has a negative attitude about shoplifting. Jack is least likely to steal the camera if
A) his negative attitude about shoplifting was learned from his teachers.
B) he notices there are few customers in the store.
C) he carefully looks at himself in a mirror.
D) he has recently shoplifted items from other stores.

Accepted Answer

By carefully looking at himself in a mirror, Jack may activate his self-awareness and become more conscious of his self-image and values. This may make him less likely to steal as his negative attitude towards shoplifting may be reinforced. Option A is not necessarily true, as negative attitudes towards shoplifting can be acquired from various sources. Option B may provide Jack with an opportunity to steal, while option D indicates that Jack has engaged in similar behavior before, making it more likely that he will steal again.

Question 8

Studies on the relationship between self-consciousness and attitudes suggest that while making a decision, if you are suddenly induced to feel self-conscious, you will be more likely to
A) take action that is consistent with your attitudes.
B) take action that is inconsistent with your attitudes.
C) momentarily forget and fail to act on your attitudes.
D) be more vulnerable to external influences on your attitudes.

Accepted Answer

Studies indicate that inducing self-consciousness can increase the likelihood that individuals will act in accordance with their attitudes, as it leads to greater self-awareness and a desire to maintain consistency between their attitudes and behavior.

Question 9

You are hosting a Weight Watchers party for people who have reached their goal weight. You want to provide tasty snacks, but you don't want to encourage over-eating either. How could you arrange things to help your friends eat sensibly, in accord with their new attitudes toward eating?
A) Put the food in the kitchen, away from the main flow of people.
B) Spread the food out all over the house, on individual trays.
C) Put the food on a table that is placed directly underneath your large wall mirror in the dining room.
D) None of the choices are correct.

Accepted Answer

The mirror will make the room look larger, which will make people feel less crowded and more comfortable. This will help them to eat more slowly and mindfully, which will help them to avoid overeating.

Question 10

A lesson of role-playing studies is that
A) participants do not take them seriously.
B) what is unreal can evolve into what is real.
C) the results do not generalize the real world.
D) it is always unethical.

Accepted Answer

Role-playing studies have demonstrated that what is initially unreal can eventually evolve into what is real. Participants may initially view the scenario as a game or an exercise in acting, but over time they may become so invested in the roles that they start to behave as they would in real life. This phenomenon has been observed in studies of obedience, conformity, and group dynamics.

Question 11

You've just been promoted to the role of supervisor at work. You feel awkward and uncomfortable in your new position. Research on role-playing suggests that
A) this discomfort will increase over time.
B) others will not treat you fairly in your new position.
C) over time you will get comfortable with your new role.
D) your attitude and feelings toward your new role will not change over time.

Accepted Answer

Research on role-playing suggests that with time, people tend to become more comfortable with their new role. This is because they start to understand their responsibilities, learn new skills, and develop the confidence needed to succeed in their new position. Therefore, it is likely that the discomfort and awkwardness felt initially will decrease over time.

Question 12

Attitudes are more potent when
A) they are acquired from our parents.
B) they are acquired as a result of direct experience with the attitude object.
C) when there is no self-consciousness involved.
D) the attitude is general and the behaviour is specific.

Accepted Answer

Attitudes that are acquired as a result of direct experience with the attitude object tend to be more potent because they are grounded in personal experience and may have emotional and cognitive components. This can result in a stronger and more consistent attitude that is more likely to predict behavior.

Question 13

The term ________ refers to prescribed actions expected of those who occupy a particular social position.
A) constellation
B) intentions
C) role
D) status

Accepted Answer

The term "role" refers specifically to the actions and behaviors expected of individuals occupying a particular social position or status. A status is a person's social position, while a role refers to the expected behaviors and actions that come with occupying that position. Choices A and B are not accurate descriptions of this concept.

Question 14

One prominent role given to us by our society is our __________.
A) sexuality.
B) gender.
C) personality.
D) temperament.

Accepted Answer

Gender is a prominent role given to individuals by society. It refers to the socially constructed ideas and expectations associated with being male or female, and the roles, behaviors, and attitudes that are considered appropriate for each gender. While sexuality, personality, and temperament are important aspects of an individual's identity, they are not necessarily predetermined by societal expectations in the same way as gender.

Question 15

Compared to attitudes formed passively, those forged in the fire of experience are more
A) unstable.
B) less thoughtful.
C) more resistant to attack.
D) more difficult to express verbally.

Accepted Answer

Attitudes formed through personal experience tend to be more deeply held and therefore more resistant to change or attack.

Question 16

Our attitudes predict our actions when
A) other influences on our actions are minimized.
B) the attitude involved is specifically about the action.
C) we are conscious of our attitudes as we act.
D) all of the choices are correct.

Accepted Answer

All of the choices are correct. When other influences on our actions are minimized, when the attitude involved is specifically about the action, and when we are conscious of our attitudes as we act, our attitudes are more likely to predict our actions.

Question 17

James is a Caucasian male who is involved in a study that is testing racial attitudes. He has been overtly asked what his attitudes about Aboriginal populations are, and then given a reaction time test where he has to select positive words that correspond to Aboriginal or Caucasian faces. This latter test is an example of what method of assessing racial attitudes?
A) bona fide pipeline
B) bogus pipeline
C) implicit association test
D) reactive attitude test

Accepted Answer

The implicit association test (IAT) is a measure of implicit attitudes towards groups, which involves categorizing stimuli (e.g., words, pictures) into one of two categories as quickly as possible. The reaction time of the categorization task is used to infer the strength of the individual's implicit association between the target category (e.g., Aboriginal populations) and the valence category (e.g., positive or negative words). This method is often used to measure implicit biases towards certain groups.

Question 18

According to the theory of planned behaviour, one's attitude, perceived social norms, and ______ together determine one's intentions, which guide behaviour.
A) motivations
B) perceptions
C) feelings of control
D) judgment

Accepted Answer

The theory of planned behaviour suggests that attitudes towards the behavior, perceived social norms, and perceived control over the behavior all influence one's intentions to perform the behavior, which then guides their actual behavior. Therefore, the correct choice is C, as feelings of control (or perceived behavioral control) are one of the key elements in determining intentions and subsequent behavior. The other options are not directly related to the theory of planned behavior or its components.

Question 19

The possible conditions under which attitudes will predict behaviour are:
A) When we minimize other influences on our attitude statements and our behaviour.
B) When the attitude is specifically relevant to the observed behaviour.
C) All of the choices are correct
D) None of the choices are correct.

Accepted Answer

Both minimizing other influences and having a specifically relevant attitude to the behavior are conditions that enhance the likelihood of attitudes predicting behavior.

Question 20

The effects of an attitude on behaviour become more apparent when we look at a person's average behaviour over time. This fact describes
A) the principle of aggregation.
B) regression toward the average.
C) the principle of information integration.
D) the principle of reciprocal averages.

Accepted Answer

The principle of aggregation suggests that by examining a person's average behavior over time, the effects of their attitudes on their behavior become more clear. This is because individual instances of behavior may be influenced by situational factors, but over time these situational factors average out and a person's underlying attitude becomes more apparent.

Quiz 4: Behaviour and Attitudes

Alice wonders if Justin really likes her. Since his behaviour toward her may be the result of other factors besides his real attitude, the best way for her to measure his true attitude is to

Zanna and Pack found that gender roles ___________ our actions.

When the measured attitude is general and the behaviour is very specific, we ___ expect a close correspondence between words and actions. Attitudes _ predict behaviour in 26 studies in which the measured attitude was directly pertinent to the situation.

If your goal was to increase recycling of aluminum cans through persuasion, it would be best to argue

If you want to increase the potency of your attitude toward helping the homeless, one of the most effective things you could do is

Snyder and Swann asked male students to act as jurors in a sex discrimination case. The men's previously recorded attitudes ended up predicting their verdicts only if they

Jack is tempted to shoplift an expensive camera even though he has a negative attitude about shoplifting. Jack is least likely to steal the camera if

Studies on the relationship between self-consciousness and attitudes suggest that while making a decision, if you are suddenly induced to feel self-conscious, you will be more likely to

You are hosting a Weight Watchers party for people who have reached their goal weight. You want to provide tasty snacks, but you don't want to encourage over-eating either. How could you arrange things to help your friends eat sensibly, in accord with their new attitudes toward eating?

A lesson of role-playing studies is that

You've just been promoted to the role of supervisor at work. You feel awkward and uncomfortable in your new position. Research on role-playing suggests that

Attitudes are more potent when

The term ________ refers to prescribed actions expected of those who occupy a particular social position.

One prominent role given to us by our society is our __________.

Compared to attitudes formed passively, those forged in the fire of experience are more

Our attitudes predict our actions when

According to the theory of planned behaviour, one's attitude, perceived social norms, and ______ together determine one's intentions, which guide behaviour.

The possible conditions under which attitudes will predict behaviour are:

The effects of an attitude on behaviour become more apparent when we look at a person's average behaviour over time. This fact describes