Question 1

According to research,
A) people's expressed attitudes hardly predicted their varying behaviours.
B) students' attitudes toward cheating bore little relation to the likelihood of their actual cheating.
C) attitudes toward the church were only modestly linked with church attendance on any given Sunday.
D) all of the above.

Accepted Answer

All three statements reflect the same general finding - that attitudes do not always predict behaviour. People may hold one attitude, but then act in a way that contradicts that attitude, making their behaviour difficult to predict based solely on their expressed attitudes. This is true for attitudes toward cheating, church attendance, and likely many other behaviours.

Question 2

Susan and her classmates just finished the sex education portion of their health course in junior high school. The information that Susan learned helped her to decide that she doesn't want to engage in casual sexual relations and feels that they are wrong. According to research, her attitude on sexual relationships will lead to which of the following?
A) Her attitude will influence her behaviours and she will refrain from casual sex.
B) Her attitude is unlikely to influence later behaviours concerning casual sex.
C) Her attitude will strengthen over time and cause her to avoid all sexual relationships until she is married.
D) She will engage in casual sexual relations and behaviours opposite to her attitude because of cognitive dissonance.

Accepted Answer

B

Question 3

An attitude is defined as ___________ toward someone or something.
A) a behaviour
B) an evaluative reaction
C) a single belief
D) an inclination

Accepted Answer

An attitude is a person's evaluative reaction or judgment towards someone or something. It involves their feelings, beliefs, and behavioral intentions towards the object of the attitude. A behavior is an action, and a single belief does not encompass the complex nature of an attitude. An inclination may refer to a tendency towards a particular behavior, but it does not fully capture the evaluative and affective aspects of an attitude.

Question 4

Research on which of the following has revealed that people sometimes express attitudes that the do not privately hold?
A) The principle of aggregation
B) Foot-in-the-door
C) The totalitarian ego
D) Bogus pipeline

Accepted Answer

The bogus pipeline is a research technique that has revealed that people sometimes express attitudes that they do not privately hold. The technique involves convincing participants that their physiological responses (such as heart rate) are being monitored as they answer questions about sensitive topics. The idea is that participants will be more honest about their attitudes when they think their true responses are being recorded.

Question 5

Appearing moral without being so, referred to as moral hypocrisy, is an example of the
A) conjunction between attitudes and behaviours.
B) disjuncture between attitudes and behaviours.
C) conjunction between beliefs and behaviours.
D) disjuncture between beliefs and behaviours.

Accepted Answer

Moral hypocrisy refers to a disjuncture between attitudes (appearing moral) and behaviours (not being so). Therefore, the best choice is B - disjuncture between attitudes and behaviours. Choices A, C, and D do not accurately describe moral hypocrisy.

Question 6

A person's attitude will be reflected in that person's
A) beliefs.
B) feelings.
C) intentions to act.
D) all of these choices.

Accepted Answer

A person's attitude encompasses all three of these aspects - beliefs, feelings, and intentions to act. Therefore, all of these choices are reflected in a person's attitude.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the relationship between expressed attitudes and behaviour?
A) Expressed attitudes lead to behavioural intentions, which perfectly predict behaviours.
B) Past behaviours lead to behavioural intentions, which lead to expressed attitudes.
C) Expressed attitudes perfectly predict behaviours.
D) They are imperfectly related because both are subject to other influences.

Accepted Answer

Expressed attitudes and behaviours are imperfectly related because both are subject to other influences. While expressed attitudes can often predict behavioural intentions, there are other factors that can impact whether or not someone follows through on those intentions. Additionally, past behaviours can also impact attitudes, leading to a cyclical relationship between the two.

Question 8

A prevailing assumption that underlies most teaching, counselling, and child rearing has been that
A) private attitudes determine behaviour.
B) private attitudes are unrelated to behaviour.
C) feelings, behaviours, and beliefs are always consistent.
D) feelings, behaviours, and beliefs are always inconsistent.

Accepted Answer

The prevailing assumption that underlies most teaching, counselling, and child rearing is that private attitudes determine behaviour. This means that our attitudes or beliefs impact our actions and how we behave towards others.

Question 9

Research suggests that we often do not do what we know and believe to be the right thing to do. Daniel Batson calls this phenomenon
A) moral dissonance.
B) overjustification.
C) ingratiation.
D) moral hypocrisy.

Accepted Answer

Daniel Batson coined the term "moral hypocrisy" to describe the disconnect between our moral beliefs and our actions. It refers to situations where people publicly express one set of moral beliefs or values but privately act in ways that contradict those beliefs, often in order to maintain a positive image or avoid negative consequences. Moral hypocrisy can also be seen in situations where people apply double standards or make exceptions for themselves or their group.

Question 10

In 1964, Leon Festinger concluded that the evidence to date
A) did not show that attitudes guide behaviour.
B) did show that attitudes guide behaviour.
C) was irrelevant to the attitude-behaviour relation.
D) None of these choices.

Accepted Answer

Leon Festinger concluded that the evidence available at that time did not show a consistent relationship between attitudes and behavior, suggesting that attitudes do not always predict behavior.

Question 11

In 1969 social psychologist Allan Wicker completed a review of dozens of research studies with the conclusion that people's stated attitudes expressed _______ of the variation in their behaviours.
A) very little
B) about half
C) most
D) virtually all

Accepted Answer

Allan Wicker concluded that people's stated attitudes expressed very little of the variation in their behaviours based on his review of research studies.

Question 12

In the ABCs of attitudes, "C" stands for
A) care.
B) connotation.
C) cognition.
D) concern.

Accepted Answer

In the ABCs of attitudes, "C" stands for cognition, which refers to the thoughts and beliefs an individual has about a particular object, person, or situation. These thoughts can shape and influence the individual's emotions and behavior towards the object or situation.

Question 13

According to the text, tobacco company executives are able to live with themselves despite the link between smoking and ill health by publicly
A) acknowledging that they are simply trying to earn a living.
B) arguing that while smoking has adverse physical effects, it has positive psychological benefits.
C) defending the smoker's right to choose.
D) arguing that a third variable explains the relationship between smoking and ill health.

Accepted Answer

The text states that tobacco company executives defend the smoker's right to choose, which suggests that they are able to justify their actions by framing it as a matter of personal freedom rather than health consequences.

Question 14

In the ABCs of attitudes, "A" stands for
A) attitude.
B) attribution.
C) attraction.
D) affect.

Accepted Answer

"A" stands for affect, which refers to the emotional component of attitudes. Affect includes feelings and emotions associated with an object, person, or situation.

Question 15

Research by Daniel Batson found that 1 in 20 students felt that assigning themselves a positive task and another participant a dull task was the most moral thing to do. When then given the opportunity to assign tasks,
A) 80% assigned themselves the positive task.
B) 50% assigned themselves the positive task.
C) 20% assigned themselves the positive task.
D) 5% assigned themselves the positive task.

Accepted Answer

Since only 1 in 20 students felt that assigning themselves a positive task and another participant a dull task was the most moral thing to do, it can be assumed that the majority would assign themselves the positive task when given the opportunity. Out of the options provided, the highest percentage is 80% which makes choice A the best option.

Question 16

Which of the following statements correctly explains the bogus pipeline strategy?
A) Participants' expressed attitudes are interpreted to mean the exact opposite of their true attitudes.
B) Participants are deceived into believing that their true attitudes are being measured directly, so they do not distort their expressed attitudes.
C) Researchers ignore the participants' expressed attitudes and infer true attitudes from measures of arousal and tension.
D) Participants' responses are evaluated by a polygraph machine that provides a measure of deception and distortion.

Accepted Answer

The bogus pipeline strategy involves deceiving participants by telling them that their true attitudes are being measured directly, which prevents them from distorting their expressed attitudes in a socially desirable manner. This allows researchers to obtain more accurate information about participants' true attitudes.

Question 17

An attitude will be only weakly linked to behaviour when
A) the attitude is not very potent.
B) the behaviour is subject to lots of other influences.
C) the attitude and the behaviour are not measured at the same level of specificity.
D) all of these choices.

Accepted Answer

All of these choices are factors that can weaken the link between attitude and behaviour. If the attitude is not very strong or important, it may not be a good predictor of behaviour. If the behaviour is influenced by many other factors, such as social norms or situational factors, the attitude may not be the primary determinant of behaviour. Finally, if the attitude and behaviour are not measured at the same level of specificity, such as if the attitude is general (e.g. "I support recycling") and the behaviour is specific (e.g. "I recycle paper"), there may be a weaker link between them.

Question 18

Which of the following is a component of Peter's attitude toward classical music?
A) Peter believes that listening to classical music raises one's IQ.
B) Peter likes the fact that a local radio plays only classical music.
C) Peter buys classical music recordings with any extra money he earns.
D) All of these choices are part of Peter's attitude toward classical music.

Accepted Answer

All of the given choices reflect Peter's attitude toward classical music. Choice A shows that he has a positive belief about the benefits of listening to it, Choice B indicates that he enjoys listening to it on the radio, and Choice C demonstrates his willingness to spend money on classical music recordings. Therefore, all these components collectively form his attitude towards classical music.

Question 19

In 1969 Wicker reviewed studies of the attitude-behaviour relation. Results suggested that
A) attitudes toward cheating were not related to actual cheating.
B) attitudes toward the church were only modestly related to church attendance.
C) racial attitudes were not related to behaviour in actual situations.
D) all of these choices.

Accepted Answer

Wicker's review suggested that attitudes towards cheating, attitudes towards the church, and racial attitudes were all found to have little to no relationship with actual behavior. Therefore, the correct answer is D, all of these choices.

Question 20

"Moral hypocrisy" means
A) appearing to be moral without actually being so.
B) appearing to be moral without understanding.
C) having moral believes without showing it.
D) denying morality.

Accepted Answer

Moral hypocrisy refers to the act of appearing to be morally upright or ethical, while actually engaging in actions that are contrary to one's professed moral values. Therefore, option A is the correct choice.

Quiz 4: Behaviour and Attitudes

According to research,

An attitude is defined as ___________ toward someone or something.

Research on which of the following has revealed that people sometimes express attitudes that the do not privately hold?

Appearing moral without being so, referred to as moral hypocrisy, is an example of the

A person's attitude will be reflected in that person's

Which of the following best describes the relationship between expressed attitudes and behaviour?

A prevailing assumption that underlies most teaching, counselling, and child rearing has been that

Research suggests that we often do not do what we know and believe to be the right thing to do. Daniel Batson calls this phenomenon

In 1964, Leon Festinger concluded that the evidence to date

In 1969 social psychologist Allan Wicker completed a review of dozens of research studies with the conclusion that people's stated attitudes expressed _______ of the variation in their behaviours.

In the ABCs of attitudes, "C" stands for

According to the text, tobacco company executives are able to live with themselves despite the link between smoking and ill health by publicly

In the ABCs of attitudes, "A" stands for

Research by Daniel Batson found that 1 in 20 students felt that assigning themselves a positive task and another participant a dull task was the most moral thing to do. When then given the opportunity to assign tasks,

Which of the following statements correctly explains the bogus pipeline strategy?

An attitude will be only weakly linked to behaviour when

Which of the following is a component of Peter's attitude toward classical music?

In 1969 Wicker reviewed studies of the attitude-behaviour relation. Results suggested that

"Moral hypocrisy" means