Question 1

Cronbach's alpha indicates to what extent scale items are correlated to each other?

Accepted Answer

Cronbach's alpha is a measure of internal consistency, which indicates how closely related a set of items are as a group. It is based on the correlations between the items, with higher correlations yielding a higher alpha score. Therefore, a higher alpha score implies greater inter-item correlation and higher internal consistency reliability.

Question 2

Fill in the missing text: A Chi-square test can be used if the independent variable is measured on a …….(1)…….scale and the dependent variable on a ……..(2)……..scale.
A)(1)nominal/ordinal - (2)nominal/ordinal.
B)(1)nominal/ordinal - (2)interval/ratio.
C)(1)interval/ratio - (2)nominal/ordinal.
D)(1)interval/ratio - (2)interval/ratio.

Accepted Answer

The Chi-square test is used when both the independent and dependent variables are measured on a nominal or ordinal scale.

Question 3

Cronbach's alpha and the split-half reliability coefficient are both instruments to determine the reliability of a scale.

Accepted Answer

Both Cronbach's alpha and split-half reliability coefficient are methods used to assess the internal consistency and reliability of a scale or questionnaire.

Question 4

With what instrument could the validity of a scale (a set of questions)best be determined?
A)Cronbach's alpha.
B)Kendall's tau.
C)Levene's test.
D)With none of the above instruments.

Accepted Answer

The answer of With what instrument could the validity of...

Question 5

In which way you could better not give an overview of ordinal data?
A)By the mean.
B)By percentiles.
C)By the median.
D)By the mode.

Accepted Answer

Ordinal data is data that can be ranked, but the difference between each value is not consistent. Therefore, using the mean to give an overview of ordinal data is not appropriate as it assumes a consistent difference between the values, which may not be the case. Instead, it would be better to use the median, mode, or percentiles to give an overview of the data.

Question 6

Chi-square analysis is used when the independent variable is used when the dependent variable is nominal or ordinal.

Accepted Answer

Chi-square analysis is specifically designed to analyze frequency data where the variables are nominal or ordinal. It is used to test whether there is a significant association between two variables.

Question 7

In what way could you best give an overview of ordinal data?
A)By the mean.
B)By cross tables.
C)By the median.
D)By the mode.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In what way could you best give...

Question 8

Which instrument would one use to assess the reliability of a scale (a set of questions)?
A)Cronbach's alpha.
B)Kendall's tau.
C)Levene's test.
D)Pearson's correlation coefficient.

Accepted Answer

Cronbach's alpha is a widely used measure to assess the reliability of a scale. It provides an estimate of the internal consistency of the items within the scale, indicating how strongly they are related to each other. A higher Cronbach's alpha indicates more consistent and reliable measurements. Kendall's tau, Levene's test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient are not appropriate measures for assessing scale reliability.

Question 9

After collecting and entering the data in SPSS,a researcher looks at the correlation matrix in which all variables of his conceptual model are included.Which information can the researcher not derive from this matrix?
A)An indication of the possibility of multicollinearity.
B)The existence of cause-effect relationships between certain variables.
C)Relationships between variables.
D)Whether relationships between variables are positive or negative.

Accepted Answer

The correlation matrix only shows relationships between variables and does not provide information about the direction of causality or whether a cause-and-effect relationship exists between variables. Other statistical techniques such as regression analysis would be needed to determine causality.

Question 10

A researcher wants to give an overview of the characteristics of the respondents in his sample.How could this researcher best provide insight in the gender of the respondents?
A)By a frequency table and a bar chart.*
B)By the mode,median and the standard deviation.
C)By a frequency table and a correlation matrix.
D)By the mean and the variance.

Accepted Answer

A frequency table and a bar chart would be the best choice to provide insight into the gender of the respondents. A frequency table would show the number of respondents in each gender category, while a bar chart would provide a visual representation of the gender distribution in the sample. This would give the researcher a clear overview of the gender characteristics of the sample. The other options (B, C, and D) do not provide insight specifically into the gender of the respondents, and are more suited for analyzing other aspects of the data.

Question 11

Chi-square analysis is a suitable technique to determine if the sample is a reflection of the population in terms of access to the internet (access/no access).

Accepted Answer

Yes, chi-square analysis is a commonly used statistical test to determine if there is an association between two categorical variables, such as access to the internet (access/no access) and a sample versus population comparison. It allows for the comparison of observed frequencies in the sample against the expected frequencies based on population proportions.

Question 12

By means of chi-square analysis it is not possible to test hypotheses.

Accepted Answer

Chi-square analysis involves testing hypotheses by comparing observed data with expected data under a specified model. Therefore, it is possible to test hypotheses using chi-square analysis.

Question 13

The Cronbach's alpha of a scale indicates to what extent different items measure the same construct.

Accepted Answer

Cronbach's alpha is a measure of the internal consistency of a scale, which assesses the extent to which the different items on the scale are measuring the same underlying construct. Therefore, the statement is true.

Question 14

Chi-square analysis is used when the independent variable is nominal or ordinal.

Accepted Answer

Chi-square analysis is used to determine if there is a relationship between two categorical variables. The independent variable is typically nominal or ordinal, while the dependent variable can be either nominal or ordinal.

Question 15

With what instrument could the predictive validity of a metric scale (a set of questions)best be determined?
A)Cronbach's alpha.
B)A correlation-coefficient.
C)Fisher's r-to-z test.
D)With none of the above mentioned instruments.

Accepted Answer

A correlation-coefficient would be the best instrument to determine predictive validity of a metric scale as it measures the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables, in this case, the scores on the metric scale and the actual outcomes being predicted. A higher correlation indicates greater predictive validity.

Question 16

The mode and the median are always the same value.

Accepted Answer

The mode and median can be different values. Mode is the value that occurs most frequently in a dataset, while median is the middle value when the data is ordered from least to greatest. In some cases, there may be more than one mode or no mode at all. Therefore, it is possible for the mode and median to be different values.

Question 17

Computing the Cronbach's alpha is the way to check if the:
A)Measure is valid.
B)Measure is reliable.
C)Null hypothesis is significant.
D)Conceptual model is relevant.

Accepted Answer

Computing the Cronbach's alpha is a method to calculate the internal consistency of a scale or questionnaire which measures reliability. It shows how strongly the items of the scale are correlated, and whether combining them into a composite score is justified or not. It does not directly address the validity of the measure, the significance of the null hypothesis, or the relevance of the conceptual model.

Question 18

An overview of a variable on nominal level can be given by a pie chart.

Accepted Answer

Nominal level variables are categorical or qualitative data that cannot be ordered or ranked. Pie charts are useful in displaying nominal level data by representing the data as a proportional part of a whole.

Question 19

The closer the Cronbach's alpha is to 1,the higher the reliability of a scale.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. A Cronbach's alpha value close to 1 indicates high internal consistency and reliability of the scale.

Question 20

In what way do the concepts causality and correlation relate to each other?
A)Causality is needed for correlation.
B)Causality is one of the conditions for correlation.
C)Correlation is one of the conditions for causality.
D)Correlation (alone)is enough evidence for causality.

Accepted Answer

Correlation does not imply causation, but causality typically involves correlation. Causality means one event causes another, while correlation indicates a relationship or pattern between variables without implying cause. For causality to be considered, correlation is often a prerequisite, but correlation alone is not sufficient to establish causality.

Quiz 14: Quantitative Data Analysis

Cronbach's alpha indicates to what extent scale items are correlated to each other?

Fill in the missing text: A Chi-square test can be used if the independent variable is measured on a …….(1) …….scale and the dependent variable on a ……..(2) ……..scale.

Cronbach's alpha and the split-half reliability coefficient are both instruments to determine the reliability of a scale.

With what instrument could the validity of a scale (a set of questions) best be determined?

In which way you could better not give an overview of ordinal data?

Chi-square analysis is used when the independent variable is used when the dependent variable is nominal or ordinal.

In what way could you best give an overview of ordinal data?

Which instrument would one use to assess the reliability of a scale (a set of questions) ?

After collecting and entering the data in SPSS,a researcher looks at the correlation matrix in which all variables of his conceptual model are included.Which information can the researcher not derive from this matrix?

A researcher wants to give an overview of the characteristics of the respondents in his sample.How could this researcher best provide insight in the gender of the respondents?