Question 1

Efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands caused by stress in one's life are collectively known as
A) catharsis.
B) defense mechanisms.
C) procrastination.
D) coping.

Accepted Answer

Efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands caused by stress in one's life are known as coping strategies or coping mechanisms. Options A, B, and C are not accurate definitions of coping strategies.

Question 2

The belief that events are beyond one's control is particularly likely to emerge in people who
A) are considered true optimists.
B) show symptoms of bipolar disorder.
C) exhibit a pessimistic explanatory style.
D) score extremely high in sensation seeking.

Accepted Answer

People who exhibit a pessimistic explanatory style are more likely to attribute negative events to factors beyond their control. This can lead to a belief that events are beyond one's control.

Question 3

Whether someone develops learned helplessness under conditions of unavoidable aversive events is most likely to depend on
A) the intensity of the aversive events.
B) prior experience in similar circumstances.
C) conditioning experiences in childhood.
D) one's beliefs about their control over events.

Accepted Answer

The development of learned helplessness is most likely to depend on one's beliefs about their control over events. This belief can be influenced by prior experiences and conditioning, but ultimately it is how an individual perceives their ability to control the aversive events that determines whether they develop learned helplessness. Intensity of the aversive events may also play a role, but it is not as significant as one's belief in their control.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about the use of coping strategies is not true?
A) Most people come to rely on some strategies more than others.
B) An individual's coping strategies are influenced by situational demands.
C) People's coping strategies show only moderate stability across a wide variety of situations.
D) The right coping strategy guarantees a successful outcome.

Accepted Answer

No coping strategy can guarantee a successful outcome as every situation is different and may require a different approach. Coping strategies are simply tools to help individuals manage stress and challenges in their lives.

Question 5

____ developed the learned helplessness model.
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Albert Bandura
C) Martin Seligman
D) Abraham Maslow

Accepted Answer

Martin Seligman developed the learned helplessness model.

Question 6

Withdrawal could be an adaptive response to stress under which of the following circumstances?
A) when one is not equipped to handle a situation
B) when the stressful event can be ignored
C) when the pressure associated with the event will be short-term
D) all of these

Accepted Answer

The answer of Withdrawal could be an adaptive response to...

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of the coping strategy known as behavioral disengagement?
A) arguing with one's best friend because of anger toward one's boss
B) dropping a class because it is evident that one needs to take one of the recommended prerequisites
C) using drugs following a significant loss
D) blaming one's parents for one's character flaws

Accepted Answer

Dropping a class because it is evident that one needs to take one of the recommended prerequisites is an example of behavioral disengagement, which involves changing one's behavior to avoid or reduce stress.

Question 8

Freud coined the term ____ to refer to the release of emotional tension.
A) aggression
B) implosion
C) frustration
D) catharsis

Accepted Answer

Freud coined the term "catharsis" to refer to the release of emotional tension.

Question 9

Albert Ellis believes that problematic emotional reactions to stress are caused by
A) unpleasant events.
B) catastrophic thinking.
C) excessively logical thinking.
D) the over-reliance on defense mechanisms.

Accepted Answer

Albert Ellis's Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) proposes that problematic emotional reactions to stress are caused by catastrophic thinking, which is irrational and unhelpful. The theory suggests that individuals can learn to identify and challenge their irrational beliefs in order to decrease negative emotions and improve coping mechanisms.

Question 10

Coping strategies in different situations mean that ____ is more desirable than ____.
A) flexibility; consistency
B) consistency; flexibility
C) stability; flexibility
D) stability; consistency

Accepted Answer

Coping strategies require adaptability and the ability to modify behavior depending on the situation. Therefore, flexibility is more desirable than consistency or stability in coping strategies.

Question 11

Researchers have argued that ____ is a desirable quality in applying coping strategies across various situations.
A) consistency
B) flexibility
C) aggression
D) indulgence

Accepted Answer

Flexibility is important because different situations require different coping strategies. Being flexible enables individuals to adapt their coping strategies to fit the situation, which can potentially lead to more effective coping outcomes. Consistency, aggression, and indulgence are not necessarily desirable qualities in coping strategies.

Question 12

There is evidence that stress is related to
A) overeating
B) increased smoking
C) consumption of alcohol
D) all of these

Accepted Answer

Multiple studies have shown a positive correlation between stress and overeating, increased smoking, and consumption of alcohol. Stress triggers the release of cortisol, which can increase appetite and lead to overeating. It can also increase the urge to smoke or drink alcohol as a way of coping with stress. Therefore, option D is correct as it includes all these factors.

Question 13

When things are going poorly in one area of life, one may compensate by pursuing substitute forms of satisfaction. This coping strategy is referred to as
A) a defense mechanism.
B) developing alternative rewards.
C) addiction.
D) catharsis.

Accepted Answer

Developing alternative rewards refers to the coping strategy of pursuing substitute forms of satisfaction when things are going poorly in one area of life. This can help individuals maintain a sense of fulfillment and satisfaction, even when faced with challenges or difficulties in other areas. It is a proactive approach to coping that can lead to greater resilience and well-being. The other options (defense mechanism, addiction, and catharsis) refer to different coping strategies or experiences that may be unrelated to pursuing alternative rewards.

Question 14

Experimental research indicates that aggressive behavior
A) is basically uncontrollable.
B) does not reliably lead to catharsis.
C) is often adaptive in interpersonal relationships.
D) is an instinctual approach for dealing with frustration.

Accepted Answer

Experimental research has shown that engaging in aggressive behavior does not reliably lead to catharsis, which is a reduction in pent-up emotional tension often associated with aggressive behavior.

Question 15

If you yell at your little sister after having a fight with your girlfriend, you may be diverting your anger through the use of
A) sublimation.
B) catharsis.
C) displacement.
D) denial.

Accepted Answer

Displacement is a defense mechanism in which feelings are redirected from their original source to a less threatening target. In this case, the anger originally felt towards the girlfriend is redirected to the little sister.

Question 16

Diversion of anger toward a substitute target was noted by Sigmund Freud, who called it
A) displacement.
B) projection.
C) rationalization.
D) reaction formation.

Accepted Answer

Diversion of anger toward a substitute target is called displacement, according to Sigmund Freud.

Question 17

Learned helplessness results when humans are subjected to aversive events that
A) are unavoidable.
B) negatively reinforce aggressiveness.
C) positively reinforce aggressiveness.
D) are high in control, but low in predictability.

Accepted Answer

Learned helplessness occurs when individuals are exposed to events that are uncontrollable and unavoidable. This leads to a belief that they are unable to control their circumstances and a general sense of helplessness and hopelessness.

Question 18

Which of the following was not included by Berkowitz among the qualifications to the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
A) Frustration does not necessarily lead to aggression.
B) Many factors besides frustration affect the likelihood of aggression.
C) Aggression leads to frustration as often as frustration leads to aggression.
D) Frustration may produce responses other than aggression.

Accepted Answer

Berkowitz did not include the idea that aggression leads to frustration as often as frustration leads to aggression. The other qualifications were included by Berkowitz as factors that can affect whether frustration leads to aggression.

Question 19

If you enter a 10K race without training adequately, ____ might be the most adaptive coping strategy.
A) catharsis
B) denial
C) behavioral disengagement
D) displacement

Accepted Answer

The answer of If you enter a 10K race without...

Question 20

Which of the following is the most accurate reflection of the research findings regarding catharsis?
A) Behaving in an aggressive manner is a good way to "blow off steam".
B) Behaving in a passive-aggressive manner is an effective way to discharge pent-up emotions.
C) Behaving in an aggressive manner tends to fuel more anger and aggression.
D) Aggressive behavior is likely to alleviate frustration only if directed toward an irrelevant someone.

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently found that expressing anger through aggressive behavior tends to fuel more anger and aggression rather than alleviate it. Alternative forms of dealing with emotions, such as talking about them or engaging in physical exercise, have been found to be more effective at reducing anger and frustration.

Quiz 4: Coping Processes

Efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands caused by stress in one's life are collectively known as

The belief that events are beyond one's control is particularly likely to emerge in people who

Whether someone develops learned helplessness under conditions of unavoidable aversive events is most likely to depend on

Which of the following statements about the use of coping strategies is not true?

____ developed the learned helplessness model.

Withdrawal could be an adaptive response to stress under which of the following circumstances?

Which of the following is an example of the coping strategy known as behavioral disengagement?

Freud coined the term ____ to refer to the release of emotional tension.

Albert Ellis believes that problematic emotional reactions to stress are caused by

Coping strategies in different situations mean that is more desirable than .

Researchers have argued that ____ is a desirable quality in applying coping strategies across various situations.

There is evidence that stress is related to

When things are going poorly in one area of life, one may compensate by pursuing substitute forms of satisfaction. This coping strategy is referred to as

Experimental research indicates that aggressive behavior

If you yell at your little sister after having a fight with your girlfriend, you may be diverting your anger through the use of

Diversion of anger toward a substitute target was noted by Sigmund Freud, who called it

Learned helplessness results when humans are subjected to aversive events that

Which of the following was not included by Berkowitz among the qualifications to the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

If you enter a 10K race without training adequately, ____ might be the most adaptive coping strategy.

Which of the following is the most accurate reflection of the research findings regarding catharsis?