Question 1

Which one of the following is NOT included in Seligman's preparedness hypothesis?
A) unprepared
B) very prepared
C) contraprepared
D) prepared

Accepted Answer

Seligman's preparedness hypothesis includes the concepts of prepared, unprepared, and contraprepared learning, but does not specifically categorize any learning as "very prepared."

Question 2

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments, the meat powder was the:
A) UCS
B) CS
C) CR
D) UCR

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the stimulus that naturally elicits a response without any training or conditioning. In Pavlov's experiments, the meat powder was the UCS as it naturally elicited a dog's salivation response without any conditioning.

Question 3

In the experiment by Garcia and Koelling (1966), a group of rats was exposed to a taste cue followed by X-rays which made the rats feel sick. Later, these rats:
A) avoided light and sound cues
B) did not avoid the taste cue
C) avoided the taste cue
D) were neutral in their behavior toward the taste cue

Accepted Answer

The rats in the experiment avoided the taste cue, as they had learned to associate it with the negative experience of feeling sick after being exposed to X-rays. This is known as taste aversion conditioning, which is a form of classical conditioning in which an organism learns to associate a particular taste or smell with the negative experience of being sick, and subsequently avoids that taste or smell in the future. The rats did not avoid light and sound cues, as these were not associated with the negative experience of feeling sick.

Question 4

Thorndike (1913) found that the consequences of a response strengthen the connection between that response and some stimulus in the environment. He called this strengthening the:
A) law of effect
B) Thorndike's learning hypothesis
C) classical conditioning law
D) preparedness hypothesis

Accepted Answer

Thorndike's findings were summarized as the law of effect, which states that behaviors leading to rewarding consequences are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors leading to punishing consequences are less likely to be repeated.

Question 5

As it relates to systematic desensitization, the term counterconditioning means:
A) to condition with an aversive stimulus
B) to extinguish a previously acquired response
C) a conditioning procedure in which a negative CS is paired with a positive UCS
D) to condition with an internal CS

Accepted Answer

Counterconditioning in the context of systematic desensitization involves pairing a negative conditioned stimulus (CS) with a positive unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to elicit a positive response, thereby reducing or eliminating the negative response.

Question 6

In intero-exteroceptive conditioning:
A) both the UCS and CS are applied externally but the response is internal
B) both the UCS and CS are applied internally but the response is external
C) the CS is applied internally and the UCS externally
D) the UCS is given internally and the CS is given externally

Accepted Answer

In intero-exteroceptive conditioning, the CS (conditioned stimulus) is applied internally (such as an increase in heart rate) and the UCS (unconditioned stimulus) is applied externally (such as a light or sound). The resulting response is internal, such as increased anxiety or a change in blood pressure. Therefore, the best choice is C: the CS is applied internally and the UCS externally.

Question 7

Which of the following is not true of interoceptive conditioning?
A) it requires conscious experience or awareness of the conditioning
B) it is usually unavoidable
C) it can lead to maladaptive behaviors
D) it is more permanent than external classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

Interoceptive conditioning does not necessarily require conscious experience or awareness of the conditioning process. It involves learning about internal bodily sensations, which can occur without conscious awareness.

Question 8

In classical conditioning, the organism is relatively:
A) active
B) alert
C) passive
D) unconscious

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the organism is relatively passive because it is responding to a stimulus rather than actively seeking a particular outcome. The response is automatic and not under the organism's control.

Question 9

In Pavlov's experiment, removing the UCS and only presenting the CS will eventually lead to:
A) motivation
B) reinforcement
C) extinction
D) learning

Accepted Answer

When the UCS (unconditioned stimulus) is removed and only the CS (conditioned stimulus) is presented, the association between the two weakens and eventually disappears, resulting in extinction. This is because the previously learned response to the CS no longer leads to the UCS, so the behavior becomes less frequent and eventually stops.

Question 10

Pavlov's work with experimental neurosis showed that:
A) instrumental conditioning can lead to motivated behavior
B) classical conditioning can lead to motivated behavior
C) neither classical nor instrumental conditioning is involved in motivated behavior
D) people can be conditioned to be neurotic

Accepted Answer

Pavlov's work with experimental neurosis showed that classical conditioning can lead to motivated behavior, as he was able to condition dogs to exhibit neurotic behavior through pairing certain stimuli with fear or stress-inducing events.

Question 11

Wolpe's therapeutic technique called systematic desensitization:
A) is a type of instrumental conditioning
B) uses an anxiety hierarchy
C) pairs relaxation and real anxiety producing people and activities
D) is based on operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

Wolpe's therapeutic technique, systematic desensitization, uses an anxiety hierarchy, which is a list of anxiety-producing situations ranked from least to most anxiety-producing. The client is gradually exposed to these situations in a relaxed state, allowing for the reduction of anxiety through classical conditioning.

Question 12

In the experiment with the "tasty" and "bright-noisy" water, the footshock group:
A) associated the tasty water with the shock
B) did not associate the tasty water with the shock
C) did not associate the bright-noisy water with the shock
D) did not show any preferences in the study

Accepted Answer

The footshock group did not associate the tasty water with the shock because taste aversion is more readily associated with illness, while external cues like bright-noisy water are more readily associated with external pain like a shock.

Question 13

According to Bolles's (1975) theory of amount of reinforcement effect (AOR):
A) there is a positive relationship between the quality of reinforcement and performance
B) there is a positive relationship between the quantity of reinforcement and performance
C) the amount of reinforcement affects performance is a curvilinear manner
D) greater amounts of reinforcement produce greater persistence of behavior

Accepted Answer

Bolles's theory of AOR suggests that there is a positive relationship between the quantity of reinforcement and performance. This means that the more reinforcement (reward or punishment) an individual receives for a behavior, the better their performance will be on that behavior. However, it is important to note that there may be a point of diminishing returns, where too much reinforcement can actually decrease performance.

Question 14

In Watson's and Rayner's experiment with the infant "Little Albert":
A) the white rat was the UCS causing fear
B) the loud noise caused by striking the metal bar was the UCS for fear
C) the white rat became the CS for fear
D) Watson became the CS for fear

Accepted Answer

The loud noise caused by striking the metal bar was the UCS for fear.

Question 15

Taste aversion learning is best viewed as:
A) modeling learning
B) classical conditioning
C) instrumental conditioning
D) operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

Taste aversion learning is a form of classical conditioning where an association is formed between a food or drink and an unpleasant sensation, resulting in an aversion to that food or drink in the future. It differs from traditional classical conditioning in that only one pairing of the food or drink with the unpleasant sensation is required to form the association.

Question 16

Chemotherapy patients sometimes eat less than they should. Research suggests that this lack of eating may be caused by:
A) a pre-existing case of anorexia nervosa
B) changes in the nervous system due to the effects of chemotherapy
C) the direct action of the chemotherapy drugs on satiety signals from the stomach
D) a learned aversion to food eaten near the time of chemotherapy treatment

Accepted Answer

The answer of Chemotherapy patients sometimes eat less than they...

Question 17

The situation of a child who learns to work hard at school in order to get praise from his teachers and parents would be an example of:
A) classical conditioning
B) instrumental conditioning
C) interoceptive conditioning
D) latent learning

Accepted Answer

This is an example of instrumental conditioning, also known as operant conditioning, because the child is learning to work hard (the behavior) in order to receive praise (the reward). Classical conditioning involves an involuntary response to a stimulus, while interoceptive conditioning involves learning about internal bodily sensations. Latent learning refers to learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement.

Question 18

The research of Mary Cover Jones (1924) demonstrated that:
A) fear can be eliminated through classical conditioning
B) fear is permanent
C) fear is easy to develop
D) instrumental conditioning can reduce fear

Accepted Answer

Mary Cover Jones is known for her famous Little Peter study, in which she demonstrated that fear can be eliminated through classical conditioning. She paired the feared object (a white rabbit) with a pleasurable stimulus (food) until the child no longer exhibited fear in the presence of the rabbit.

Question 19

In an experiment by Pavlov, dogs were required to make finer and finer discriminations between circles and ellipses. When the dogs could no longer reliably discriminate, they:
A) behaved randomly
B) became passive and depressed
C) became vicious and aggressive
D) developed "neurotic" behavior

Accepted Answer

Pavlov's experiments on conditioning led to observations of "neurotic" behavior in dogs when they were subjected to tasks that were beyond their capability to solve, such as making extremely fine discriminations between circles and ellipses. This was interpreted as a form of stress or mental breakdown, akin to what might be termed "neurotic" behavior in humans.

Question 20

Taste aversion studies suggest that:
A) organisms are prepared to make some associations more readily than others
B) learned associations are the same across species
C) learned associations are all basically unprepared
D) prepared, unprepared, and contraprepared associations are all accomplished in the same way

Accepted Answer

Taste aversion studies have shown that organisms are more prepared to make certain associations, such as those involving taste and illness, compared to other associations. This suggests that there is some innate predisposition that affects the learning process.

Quiz 5: Learned Motives: Classical, Instrumental, and Observational Learning

Which one of the following is NOT included in Seligman's preparedness hypothesis?

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments, the meat powder was the:

In the experiment by Garcia and Koelling (1966) , a group of rats was exposed to a taste cue followed by X-rays which made the rats feel sick. Later, these rats:

Thorndike (1913) found that the consequences of a response strengthen the connection between that response and some stimulus in the environment. He called this strengthening the:

As it relates to systematic desensitization, the term counterconditioning means:

In intero-exteroceptive conditioning:

Which of the following is not true of interoceptive conditioning?

In classical conditioning, the organism is relatively:

In Pavlov's experiment, removing the UCS and only presenting the CS will eventually lead to:

Pavlov's work with experimental neurosis showed that:

Wolpe's therapeutic technique called systematic desensitization:

In the experiment with the "tasty" and "bright-noisy" water, the footshock group:

According to Bolles's (1975) theory of amount of reinforcement effect (AOR) :

In Watson's and Rayner's experiment with the infant "Little Albert":

Taste aversion learning is best viewed as:

Chemotherapy patients sometimes eat less than they should. Research suggests that this lack of eating may be caused by:

The situation of a child who learns to work hard at school in order to get praise from his teachers and parents would be an example of:

The research of Mary Cover Jones (1924) demonstrated that:

In an experiment by Pavlov, dogs were required to make finer and finer discriminations between circles and ellipses. When the dogs could no longer reliably discriminate, they:

Taste aversion studies suggest that: