Question 1

_____ refers to the process by which people examine and evaluate their existence.

Accepted Answer

Life review refers to the process by which people examine and evaluate their existence. It involves reflecting on one's life experiences, relationships, and accomplishments as well as reviewing and reconciling any regrets or unfulfilled goals. This process can be a way for individuals to gain closure, find meaning, and develop a sense of wisdom and acceptance towards the end of their lives.

Question 2

Jack registers as a conscientious objector during the Vietnam War. He believes that it is wrong to take human life. He is willing to serve time in jail, rather than take part in an armed conflict. Jack's reasons for not going to war reflect the _____ stage of moral reasoning established by Kohlberg.

Accepted Answer

Jack's decision to register as a conscientious objector and his willingness to go to jail rather than participate in war reflects the postconventional stage of moral reasoning. This stage is characterized by a belief in abstract principles such as justice and human rights, which may conflict with societal or legal conventions. Jack has made a decision based on his own personal principles, rather than simply following societal norms or avoiding punishment (preconventional) or conforming to societal expectations (conventional). Postoperational is not a stage of moral reasoning established by Kohlberg, but rather a stage of cognitive development established by Piaget.

Question 3

According to Erikson, the psychosocial crisis of the intimacy-versus-isolation stage occurs:

Accepted Answer

The intimacy-versus-isolation stage occurs during the early adult years, roughly between the ages of 20 and 40. This stage involves developing close, committed relationships with others while maintaining a sense of independence and individuality. Failure to resolve this crisis can lead to feelings of loneliness and isolation.

Question 4

The time at which a woman's menstrual cycle slows down and eventually stops is called:

Accepted Answer

Menopause is the time at which a woman's menstrual cycle slows down and eventually stops, typically occurring in the late 40s to early 50s. Menarche is the beginning of a woman's menstrual cycle, typically occurring around age 12-13. Amenorrhea refers to the absence or stopping of menstrual periods. The zygotic period is the first two weeks of pregnancy following fertilization of the egg.

Question 5

According to the _____ theory of aging, aging produces a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels.

Accepted Answer

The disengagement theory of aging suggests that as people age, they gradually withdraw from the world around them on physical, psychological, and social levels. This theory suggests that this withdrawal is a natural and healthy process that allows older adults to prepare for the end of their lives. The wear-and-tear theory of aging suggests that aging occurs as a result of damage and deterioration over time, while the genetic preprogramming theory suggests that aging is determined by an individual's genetic makeup. The activity theory of aging suggests that staying active and engaged in life helps to promote successful aging.

Question 6

Dr. Carruthers believes that a combination of hereditary and environmental factors influences development. Dr. Carruthers has adopted a(n) ______ position on the nature-nurture issue related to development.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr. Carruthers believes that a combination of...

Question 7

According to Erikson, adolescents are primarily engaged in resolving the psychosocial crisis of:

Accepted Answer

Adolescence is the stage in which individuals are primarily engaged in resolving the psychosocial crisis of identity versus role confusion. During this stage, individuals are trying to develop a sense of self and a clear understanding of their role in society. They may explore different identities and engage in experimentation to find their place in the world. This process can lead to either a strong sense of identity or confusion about one's direction in life.

Question 8

Yolanda is 24, Zachary is 44, and Andrew is 73. Assume that each successfully completes the identity crisis associated with his or her stage as proposed by Erikson. Which of the following alternatives matches each individual with the correct developmental outcome?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's psychosocial stages suggest that Yolanda (24) is in the intimacy vs. isolation stage, Zachary (44) is in the generativity vs. stagnation stage, and Andrew (73) is in the ego integrity vs. despair stage, which aligns with wisdom.

Question 9

Grace is a 19-year-old college sophomore. She is living away from home for the first time and is trying to decide on a major. Grace is in a phase of life that developmental psychologists term _____ adulthood.

Accepted Answer

The term used for Grace's phase of life is "emerging adulthood," which typically lasts from age 18 to the mid- to late-20s. It is a time of transition and exploration, marked by identity formation, increased independence, and decision-making about education, career, relationships, and personal values.

Question 10

Which theory of aging suggests that the mechanical functions of the body work less efficiently as people age?

Accepted Answer

The wear-and-tear theory states that the mechanical functions of the body, such as organs and tissues, become less efficient due to damage over time from regular use, leading to the aging process.

Question 11

_____ occurs when beta amyloid precursor protein goes awry, producing large clumps of cells that trigger inflammation and deterioration of nerve cells.

Accepted Answer

The description matches the characteristics of Alzheimer's disease, which is characterized by the accumulation of beta-amyloid protein in the brain, leading to inflammation and damage to nerve cells.

Question 12

Age-related declines are more apparent in _____ memory than in _____ memory.

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory, which involves the recollection of specific events and experiences, tends to decline more with age than semantic memory, which involves the recall of general knowledge and facts. Studies suggest that this may be due to changes in the structure and function of the hippocampus, a brain region critical for episodic memory.

Question 13

Bea is 70 years old and works part-time at a discount store. She keeps herself busy by engaging in various activities she enjoyed during middle adulthood. She volunteers occasionally at a local food bank and enjoys the company of her family and the members of her bridge club. According to the _____ theory of aging, Bea is aging successfully.

Accepted Answer

The activity theory of aging suggests that individuals who remain active and engaged in various activities they enjoy are more likely to age successfully. Bea's part-time job, volunteering, and engagement with her bridge club and family demonstrate her continued involvement in life and suggest successful aging. The Kübler-Ross theory focuses on the stages of grief and acceptance related to death and dying, and the disengagement theory suggests that as individuals age, they naturally withdraw from society and become less active. The wear-and-tear theory focuses on the physical effects of aging on the body.

Question 14

From the late teens into the mid-20s, individuals are in a transitional phase that developmental psychologists call _____ adulthood.

Accepted Answer

The term used by developmental psychologists to describe the transitional phase from late teens to mid-20s is "emerging adulthood." This stage is characterized by identity exploration, instability, self-focus, and a sense of possibility.

Question 15

According to Erikson, people enter the generativity-versus-stagnation stage during _____.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's generativity-versus-stagnation stage occurs during middle adulthood, typically between the ages of 40 and 65. During this stage, individuals are focused on contributing to society and the next generation, whether that be through raising children, volunteering, or engaging in creative work. Those who feel productive and fulfilled during this stage demonstrate generativity, while those who feel unfulfilled may experience a sense of stagnation.

Question 16

Compared with children in two-parent families, children in single-parent families are:

Accepted Answer

Children in single-parent families are more likely to experience poverty due to the reduced economic resources that come from having only one caregiver, which can impact various aspects of their life and well-being.

Question 17

Denise is in her mid-40s; she is not married and is childless. Her job is routine, and she feels as if she has not really done much to contribute to society's future. In Erikson's terms, Denise is in the _____ stage.

Accepted Answer

The generativity-versus-stagnation stage occurs in middle adulthood, typically between the ages of 40 and 65. It is during this stage that individuals may begin to reflect on their contributions to society and wonder if they have made a meaningful impact. Denise's feelings of not having contributed much suggest that she is experiencing generativity-related concerns.

Question 18

Which theory of aging suggests that human cells have a built-in time limit to their reproduction and that they are no longer able to divide after a certain time?

Accepted Answer

The genetic preprogramming theory suggests that human cells have a built-in time limit to their reproduction and that they are no longer able to divide after a certain time. This is often referred to as the Hayflick limit, which proposes that cells can only divide a certain number of times before they undergo senescence and eventually become nonfunctional.

Question 19

According to the _____ theory of aging, people who age most successfully are those who maintain the interests, activities, and level of social interaction they experienced during middle adulthood.

Accepted Answer

The activity theory suggests that individuals who maintain their physical, social, and intellectual activities as they age will have a more successful aging process. This theory emphasizes the importance of remaining engaged and active in life, rather than disengaging from society and limiting activities, as proposed by the disengagement theory. The wear-and-tear theory and genetic preprogramming theory focus on physiological explanations for aging rather than lifestyle or behavior.

Question 20

According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, which of the following is the stage in which a person aware of his or her impending death is likely to try to think of ways to postpone death and dedicate his or her life to religion?

Accepted Answer

According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, the stage in which a person aware of his or her impending death is likely to try to think of ways to postpone death and dedicate his or her life to religion is bargaining.

Quiz 8: Making Decisions and Solving Problems