Deck 10: How Cells Divide

Question 1

The accommodation of the very long DNA fiber into a limited space of the nucleus is achieved by coiling around beads of histones into repeating subunits.These subunits of chromosomes are given the name __________.

A)DNA
B)nucleosomes
C)RNA
D)coiling proteins

Answer 1

B

Question 2

__________ is the stage of mitosis characterized by the alignment of the chromosomes in a ring along the inner circumference of the cell.

A)Interphase
B)Telophase
C)Prophase
D)Metaphase

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Most eukaryotic cells go through a repeating process of growth and division referred to as the cell ______.

A)division
B)cluster
C)organization
D)cycle

Answer 3

D

Question 4

_________ is the portion of the cell cycle in which the chromosomes are invisible under the light microscope because they are not yet condensed.

A)Interphase
B)Prophase
C)Anaphase
D)Telophase

Question 5

Normally,_____ functions in the cell to stop cell division if the cell has experienced extensive DNA damage.

A)heat
B)p53
C)FtsZ
D)DNA

Question 6

Bacteria divide by binary _______,in which the cell divides into two nearly equal halves.

A)fission
B)mitosis
C)duplication
D)code

Question 7

If a eukaryotic cell has a single set of chromosomes,it is called

A)haploid.
B)diploid.
C)polypoid.

Question 8

The stage of mitosis characterized by the physical separation of sister chromatids is called __________.

A)anaphase
B)metaphase
C)interphase
D)telophase

Question 9

The bacterial genome exist as a

A)single,circular,protein-coated,double stranded DNA molecule.
B)single,circular,uncoated,double stranded DNA molecule.
C)single,circular,uncoated,double stranded RNA molecule.
D)single,linear,uncoated,double stranded DNA molecule.
E)many,circular,uncoated,double stranded DNA molecules.

Question 10

The last stage of mitosis is characterized by the disassembly of spindle apparatus,the reestablishment of the nuclear membrane,and the decondensation of the chromosomes into invisible threads.This stage is known as _________.

A)interphase
B)telophase
C)anaphase
D)metaphase

Question 11

The physical distribution of cytoplasmic material into the two daughter cells is called

A)DNA replication.
B)mitosis.
C)cytokinesis.
D)binary fission.

Question 12

Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of a complex of 60% protein and 40% DNA.The name of this chemical complex is a

A)histone complex.
B)chromatin.
C)histamine complex.
D)chromatiD.
E)centromerE.

Question 13

The number of chromosomes characteristic of eukaryotes,in general,

A)can usually be determined without the use of a microscope.
B)can usually be predicted from the size of the organism.
C)change as the organisms grow and age.
D)vary considerably from 2 to over 1000 in different species.
E)vary depending on the type of the cell in the same organism.

Question 14

Binary fission in prokaryotes concludes with the accumulation of _______ protein at the midpoint of the cell which facilitates septum formation.

A)folded
B)p53
C)FtsZ
D)phosphorylated

Question 15

The division of a bacterial cell occurs as the

A)cell wall develops cracks around the equator of the cell.
B)chromosomes are pulled toward the ends of the cell.
C)cytoplasm forms a cell plate around the middle of the cell.
D)microfilaments and microtubules constrict the cytoplasm.
E)plasma membrane pinches inward constricting the cell.

Question 16

Which of the following cell functions are maintained by cell division?

A)growth and reproduction
B)death
C)metabolism
D)movement
E)organization

Question 17

The progress of mitosis is regulated by ______ and their dependent kinases.

A)hormones
B)chromosomes
C)cyclins
D)paracrine signaling

Question 18

Each chromosome has a ____________,a point of constriction containing certain repeated DNA sequences that bind specific proteins.

A)DNA strand
B)centromere
C)node
D)synapse

Question 19

The physical map of the array of chromosomes is called a(n)

A)ecotype.
B)haplotype.
C)karyotype.
D)phenotype.
E)genotypE.

Question 20

Prophase is the first stage of mitosis characterized by the _________ of the chromosomes.

A)duplication
B)splitting
C)condensation
D)merging

Question 21

The framework of microtubules that appears in cell division which eventually moves the chromatids apart is called the

A)aster.
B)cell plate.
C)centriole.
D)spindle apparatus.
E)centromerE.

Question 22

Before cell division of the body cells,each homologue replicates into two parts.These parts are connected by a centromere and are called

A)sister chromatids.
B)daughter chromatids.
C)sister chromosomes.
D)daughter chromosomes.
E)genes.

Question 23

Which of the following is essentially the reverse of prophase?

A)anaphase
B)interphase
C)metaphase
D)telophase
E)cytokinesis

Question 24

In the human,the body cells (non-sex cells)contain two sets of chromosomes totaling

A)2.
B)22.
C)44.
D)46.
E)23.

Question 25

Eukaryotic chromosomes are coated with proteins containing a high proportion of basic amino acids.These proteins are given the name

A)albumins.
B)antibodies.
C)enzymes.
D)histamines.
E)histones.

Question 26

Some of the portions of the chromatin are permanently condensed so that their DNA is never expressed.All of these portions stain very intensely and are given a common name of

A)DNA dark bands.
B)euchromatin.
C)heterochromatin.
D)genome.
E)haploid DNA.

Question 27

The two copies of each chromosome in body cells are called

A)chromatids.
B)homologous chromosomes.
C)sister chromosomes.
D)daughter chromosomes.
E)genes.

Question 28

The cell organelles replicate prior to genomic separation in ______ phase.

A)G₁
B)S
C)G₂
D)M
E)C

Question 29

Which one of the following represents interphase?

A)G₁ + G₂ + S
B)S + M + C
C)prophase + metaphase + anaphase + telophase
D)cytokinesis + mitosis
E)G₀ + G₁ + G₂

Question 30

The chromosomes line up at the equator of the spindle during

A)anaphase.
B)interphase.
C)metaphase.
D)prophase.
E)telophasE.

Question 31

Which of the following is not a checkpoint for cell cycle control in a eukaryotic cell?

A)G₁/S
B)G₂/M
C)spindle
D)MFP

Question 32

Microtubules become shorter,pulling chromatids to the ends of the spindle,during

A)anaphase.
B)interphase.
C)metaphase.
D)prophase.
E)telophasE.

Question 33

Which of the following sequence of cell-cycle phases is characteristic of eukaryotes?

A)G to S to M
B)G₁ to S to G₂ to M to C
C)S to M to C
D)G₁ to G₂ to S to C
E)G₁ to G₂ to G₃ to S to C

Question 34

Plant cells typically achieve cytokinesis by

A)binary fission.
B)forming a cell plate across the middle of the cell.
C)forming a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell into two.
D)chromosome condensation.
E)chromosome elongation.

Question 35

In prophase,ribosomal RNA synthesis stops when the chromosomes condense,and this makes the

A)chromosomes lengthen.
B)nuclear envelope reform.
C)nucleolus disappear.
D)chromosomes line up at the equator.

Question 36

The attachment of which molecules is critical for the proper separation of sister chromatids?

A)chromosomes
B)asters
C)microtubules
D)cyclins
E)protein kinases

Question 37

Recent studies on cell cycle controls have revealed that animal cells can employ certain factors to override the inhibitory controls of cell division.These belong to a class of proteins called

A)histones.
B)channel proteins.
C)growth factors.
D)gating proteins.
E)neurotransmitters.

Question 38

The first stage of mitosis,when the chromosomes become visibly shorter and thicker is

A)anaphase.
B)interphase.
C)metaphase.
D)prophase.
E)telophasE.

Question 39

Animal cells typically achieve cytokinesis by

A)binary fission.
B)forming a cell plate across the middle of the cell.
C)forming a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell into two.
D)chromosome condensation.
E)chromosome elongation.

Question 40

The proteins that participate in the functioning of the checkpoints for cell cycle control are

A)microtubules.
B)asters.
C)histones.
D)cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases.
E)channel proteins.

Question 41

Following S phase,a human cell would have how many pairs of sister chromatids and individual DNA molecules?

A)23 pairs of sister chromatids and 46 individual DNA molecules
B)23 pairs of sister chromatids and 92 individual DNA molecules
C)46 pairs of sister chromatids and 46 individual DNA molecules
D)46 pairs of sister chromatids and 92 individual DNA molecules
E)46 pairs of sister chromatids and 184 individual DNA molecules

Question 42

A scientist wants to study histones.Histones are

A)proteins that are tightly bound to the double strands of DNA.
B)proteins that are tightly bound with only one of the strands of DNA.
C)proteins that are tightly bound to mRNA.
D)proteins that serve as spindle fiber to pull the sister chromatids apart during anaphase.
E)proteins that are tightly bound to inside of the nuclear membranE.

Question 43

You are assembling a model of a chromosome,but begin having some trouble when you get to the solenoids.If you are unable to resolve this problem,which of the following steps of chromosome structure would you be unable to achieve?

A)DNA double helix
B)nucleosome
C)chromatin loop
D)histone/DNA complex

Question 44

Nucleosomes are located in the

A)nucleus attached to the ends of DNA strands.
B)nucleus and are composed of DNA and histones.
C)nucleus and are associated with the nuclear membrane.
D)nucleus and are composed of mRNA and histones.
E)nucleus and are associated with the nucleolus and aid in ribosome synthesis.

Question 45

Chromosomes are readily visible under the microscope.

A)G₁
B)S
C)G₂
D)M
E)C

Question 46

Nuclear division in eukaryotic cells is called

A)meiosis.
B)mitosis.
C)binary fission.
D)cytokinesis.

Question 47

If a cell has 32 chromosomes prior to S and undergoes mitosis followed by cytokinesis,each new daughter cell will have how many chromosomes?

A)64
B)32
C)16
D)8

Question 48

Cytoplasmic organelles are partitioned between two daughter cells.

A)G₁
B)S
C)G₂
D)M
E)C

Question 49

Duplicate copy of the hereditary information is made.

A)G₁
B)S
C)G₂
D)M
E)C

Question 50

All of the following phases occur during interphase of the cell cycle except

A)G₁.
B)S.
C)G₂.
D)M.

Question 51

A cell biologist is conducting a karyotype procedure on alligator red blood cells.Exactly what does this mean?

A)It means that red blood cells from the alligator will be examined with a microscope and the nuclei will be counted.
B)It means that red blood cells from the alligator will be examined using restriction enzymes to count the number of centromeres that are present on the chromosomes.
C)It means that chromosomes from the red blood cells of the alligator will be examined with a microscope,photographed,counted,lined up with their respective homologous partner,and displayed.
D)It means that chromosomes from the red blood cells of the alligator will be examined with a microscope to determine the amount of hemoglobin present.

Question 52

If the centrioles are mispositioned in the cell,a functional mitotic spindle will fail to form.In this situation,how will chromosome segregation be affected?

A)Microtubules will not attach to the kinetochores.
B)The sister chromatids will be pulled apart and equally divided among daughter cells.
C)All of the chromosomes will go to one of the daughter cells.
D)Sister chromatids will not be divided equally among daughter cells.

Question 53

Cytokinesis occurs right after

A)prophase.
B)G₁.
C)G₂.
D)anaphase.
E)telophasE.

Question 54

The actual process of cell division in prokaryotic cells is called

A)meiosis.
B)mitosis.
C)binary fission.
D)cytokinesis.

Question 55

The actual process of cell division in eukaryotic cells is called

A)meiosis.
B)mitosis.
C)binary fission.
D)cytokinesis.

Question 56

In humans the diploid number of chromosomes is 46.The haploid number is 23.Prior to mitosis in the cell cycle,the cell is in the G₂ phase.Which of the statements is true?

A)The homologous chromosomes are lined up on the equator.
B)The homologous chromosomes have all been copied through DNA replication and are now sister chromatids.
C)The homologous chromosomes have been pulled to their respective poles by the spindle apparatus.
D)The homologous chromosomes have not been replicated yet.
E)The homologous chromosomes are now in the haploid or n condition.

Question 57

As a doctor,you are examining a patient who recently experienced some liver damage as a side effect of the medication that she was taking for an unrelated medical condition.You explain to her that the liver problem may take some time to resolve as certain liver cells have a cell cycle of about

A)24 hours.
B)6 weeks.
C)6 months.
D)1 year.

Question 58

Hereditary information is partitioned equally between two daughter cells.

A)G₁
B)S
C)G₂
D)M
E)C

Question 59

You are conducting a genetic screen using Caenorhabditis elegans embryos to isolate mutations affecting anaphase
A)Therefore,you need to look for embryos in which

A)the centromeres do not move toward the poles.
B)the poles do not move apart.
C)the spindle apparatus does not disassemble.
D)sister chromatids fail to separatE.

Question 60

Growth of the cell;synthesis of enzymes;normal metabolism.

A)G₁
B)S
C)G₂
D)M
E)C

Question 61

What would you expect to happen if the anaphase-promoting complex (APC)failed to ubiquitinate securin?

A)The cohesin complex will be destroyed,and the cell will remain in metaphase.
B)The cohesin complex will persist,preventing the cell from entering anaphase.
C)Separase will be marked for degradation by securin,preventing the cell from entering anaphase.
D)Inhibition of separase will be lifted,allowing securin to destroy cohesin and preventing the cell from entering anaphase.

Question 62

You are studying cell cycle progression in yeast cells.If you could prevent cdc2 from associating with mitotic cyclin,the cells would

A)arrest in G₁.
B)arrest in G₂.
C)arrest in M.
D)arrest in S.

Question 63

Which of the following statements best fits as an analogy for a cell with a mutation in a tumor-suppressor gene?

A)The gas pedal of a car gets stuck while pushed down.
B)The gas pedal of a car does not work at all.
C)The brake pedal of a car gets stuck while pushed down.
D)The brake pedal of a car does not work at all.

Question 64

Which timepoint represents G₂ phase?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 65

While dissecting a cat in anatomy class,you tease out some muscle tissue,stain it,and look at it under a light microscope.What percentage of the muscle cells would you expect to be in M phase at any given time?

A)0%
B)25%
C)50%
D)100%

Question 66

During which phase of the cell cycle are mitochondria and chloroplasts distributed equally among daughter cells?

A)G₂
B)M
C)C
D)There is no mechanism to distribute mitochondria and chloroplasts equally among daughter cells.

Question 67

You are leading a team of researchers at a pharmaceutical company.Your goal is to design drugs that help fight cancer.Specifically,you want to focus on drugs that bind to and inactivate certain proteins,thereby halting cell cycle progression.One of your team members suggests targeting the retinoblastoma (Rb)protein.Will this approach be successful? Why or why not?

A)This approach will not be successful.Rb is tumor-suppressor protein,and functions to inhibit the action of a number of cell cycle regulatory proteins.A drug designed to inactivate the Rb protein would essentially create the same situation as in as a cell that lacks both copies of the Rb gene.Lack of Rb activity would release the inhibition of cell cycle regulatory proteins,thereby promoting cell cycle progression,rather than halting it.
B)This approach will be successful.Rb is tumor-suppressor protein,and functions to inhibit the action of a number of cell cycle regulatory proteins.A drug designed to activate the Rb protein would halt the cell cycle.
C)This approach will be successful.Rb is tumor-suppressor protein,and functions to inhibit the action of a number of cell cycle regulatory proteins.A drug designed to inactivate the Rb protein would activate a cell cycle inhibition.Lack of Rb activity would therfore inhibit the cell cycle regulatory proteins.

Question 68

You have been asked to provide genetic counseling to a family who has a very high incidence of various types of cancer.After some discussion,you tell them that you will do some genetic testing to determine if they carry any mutations that predispose them to cancer.Mutations in which of following proteins are most commonly associated with cancers?

A)Ras and p53
B)Ras and Scr
C)Scr and Rb
D)Rb and p53

Question 69

You are examining the effect of maturation-promoting factor (MPF)in sea urchin cells,which have a diploid number of 36.If you fuse a dividing sea urchin cell with a G₁ arrested oocyte,what would be the outcome?

A)The G₁ cell would undergo mitosis and its daughter cells would each have 18 chromosomes.
B)The G₁ cell would undergo mitosis and its daughter cells would each have 36 chromosomes.
C)The G₁ cell would fail to undergo mitosis because it has not yet gone through S phase.
D)The G₁ cell would first go through S phase and then mitosis.Its daughter cells would have 36 chromosomes.

Question 70

You are studying cell cycle progression in an early frog embryo.If you were to inject a protein synthesis inhibitor into a cell at the end of S phase,the cell would

A)arrest in G₁.
B)arrest in G₂.
C)arrest in S.
D)arrest in M.

Question 71

If you wanted to convert a proto-oncogene to an oncogene,which of the following methods would you choose?

A)growth factor exposure
B)genetic damage
C)pair the proto-oncogene with a tumor-suppressor gene
D)halt cell cycle progression