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book Cost Management: A Strategic Emphasis 5th Edition by David Stout, Edward Blocher, Gary Cokins cover

Cost Management: A Strategic Emphasis 5th Edition by David Stout, Edward Blocher, Gary Cokins

Edition 5ISBN: 0073526940
book Cost Management: A Strategic Emphasis 5th Edition by David Stout, Edward Blocher, Gary Cokins cover

Cost Management: A Strategic Emphasis 5th Edition by David Stout, Edward Blocher, Gary Cokins

Edition 5ISBN: 0073526940
Exercise 54

Sales Volume, Sales Quantity, and Sales Mix Variances Classic Ice Cream operates several stores in a major metropolitan city and its suburbs. Its budget and operating data for 2010 follow:

 

Budgeted Data

Actual Operating Results

Flavor

Gallons

Selling Price per Gallon

Variable Costs per Gallon

Gallons

Selling Price per Gallon

Variable

Costs per

Gallon

Vanilla

250,000

$1.20

$0.50

180,000

$1.00

$0.45

Chocolate

300,000

1.50

0.60

270,000

1 .35

0.50

Strawberry

200,000

1.80

0.70

330,000

2.00

0.75

Anchovy

50,000

2.50

1.00

180,000

3.00

1.20

Required

1. Compute these variances for the individual flavors and total sold:

a. Sales volume.

b. Sales mix. Extend mix calculation to five decimal places.

c. Sales quantity.


2. Assess sales in of 2010 based on your analyses.

Step-by-step solution
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Step 1 of 2

Sales Mix

 

Budget

Actual

   Flavor  

Quantity

Mix

Quantity

Mix

Vanilla

250,000

.3125

180,000

.18750

Chocolate

300,000

.3750

270,000

.28125

Strawberry

200,000

.2500

330,000

.34375

Anchovy

50,000

.0625

180,000

.18750

Total

800,000

1.00

960,000

1.00

1.?a.?Sales Volume Variance

?

Sales Quantity

 

Budgeted Contribution

 

Sales Volume

    Flavor   

Actual

Budget

Difference

Margin/Unit

   Variance  

Vanilla 180,000

250,000

 70,000

X

$0.70 =

$ 49,000 U

Chocolate

270,000

300,000

30,000

x $0.90 =

27,000 U

Strawberry

330,000

 200,000

130,000

x $1.10 =

143,000 F

Anchovy

180,000

50,000

130,000

x $1.50 =

195,000 F

   Total

960,000

800,000

 

 

$262,000 F

1.?b.?Sales Mix Variance

    <div class=answer> <span class=bold>Sales Mix</span>    <table cellspacing=5 cellpadding=5 border=0>     <tbody>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> <span class=italics> </span> </td>       <td colspan=2 style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=bottom><p align=center><span class=underline>Budget</span> </td>       <td colspan=2 style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=bottom><p align=center><span class=underline>Actual</span> </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> <span class=underline>   Flavor  </span> </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=bottom><p align=center><span class=underline>Quantity</span> </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=bottom><p align=center><span class=underline>Mix</span> </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=bottom><p align=center><span class=underline>Quantity</span> </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=bottom><p align=center><span class=underline>Mix</span> </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> Vanilla </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center>250,000 </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center>.3125 </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center>180,000 </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center>.18750 </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> Chocolate </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center>300,000 </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center>.3750 </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center>270,000 </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center>.28125 </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> Strawberry </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center>200,000 </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center>.2500 </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center>330,000 </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center>.34375 </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> Anchovy </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center><span class=underline>50,000</span> </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center><span class=underline>.0625</span> </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center><span class=underline>180,000</span> </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center><span class=underline>.18750</span> </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> Total </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center><span class=underline>800,000</span> </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center><span class=underline>1.00</span> </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center><span class=underline>960,000</span> </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center><span class=underline>1.00</span> </td>      </tr>     </tbody>    </table> 1.?a.?<span class=underline>Sales Volume Variance</span> <table class=MsoNormalTable style=border-collapse:collapse;border:none;margin-left:6.75pt; margin-right:6.75pt width=659 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 border=0 align=center>     <tbody>      <tr>       <td valign=top> ? </td>       <td colspan=3 valign=bottom> <span class=bold><span class=italics><span class=underline>Sales Quantity</span></span></span> </td>       <td valign=bottom>   </td>       <td> <span class=bold><span class=italics>Budgeted Contribution</span></span> </td>       <td valign=bottom>   </td>       <td> <span class=bold><span class=italics>Sales Volume</span></span> </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td valign=top> <span class=bold><span class=italics><span class=underline>    Flavor   </span></span></span> </td>       <td style=width:62.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt width=83> <span class=bold><span class=italics><span class=underline>Actual</span></span></span> </td>       <td style=width:77.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt width=103> <span class=bold><span class=italics><span class=underline>Budget</span></span></span> </td>       <td style=width:3.0cm;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt width=113> <span class=bold><span class=italics><span class=underline>Difference</span></span></span> </td>       <td style=width:101.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt width=136> <span class=bold><span class=italics><span class=underline>Margin/Unit</span></span></span> </td>       <td style=width:3.0cm;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt width=113> <span class=bold><span class=italics><span class=underline>   Variance  </span></span></span> </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td valign=top> <span class=bold><span class=italics>Vanilla 180,000</span></span> </td>       <td valign=top> <span class=bold><span class=italics>250,000</span></span> </td>       <td valign=top> <span class=bold><span class=italics> 70,000</span></span> </td>       <td valign=top> <span class=bold><span class=italics>X</span></span> </td>       <td valign=top> <span class=bold><span class=italics>$0.70 =</span></span> </td>       <td valign=top> <span class=bold><span class=italics>$ 49,000 U</span></span> </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td valign=top> Chocolate </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right>270,000 </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right>300,000 </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right>30,000 </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right>x $0.90 = </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right>27,000 U </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td valign=top> Strawberry </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right>330,000 </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right> 200,000 </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right>130,000 </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right>x $1.10 = </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right>143,000 F </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td valign=top> Anchovy </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right><span class=underline>180,000</span> </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right><span class=underline>50,000</span> </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right>130,000 </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right>x $1.50 = </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right><span class=underline>195,000</span> F </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td valign=top>    Total </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right><span class=underline>960,000</span> </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right><span class=underline>800,000</span> </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right>  </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right>  </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right><span class=underline>$262,000</span> F </td>      </tr>     </tbody>    </table>    <p align=left>1.?b.?<span class=underline>Sales Mix Variance</span>   1.?c.?<span class=underline>Sales Quantity Variance</span>   ?<span class=underline>Recap</span> <table cellspacing=5 cellpadding=5 border=0>     <tbody>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> <span class=underline>?</span> </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> Sales Mix </td>       <td valign=top> Sales Quantity </td>       <td valign=top> Sales Volume </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> <span class=underline>Flavor </span> </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> <span class=underline>Variance</span> </td>       <td valign=top> <span class=underline>Variance</span> </td>       <td valign=top> <span class=underline>Variance</span> </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> Vanilla </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> 315017f3_ce46_4861_bde0_57826559a672_SMCC1606_11nbsp; 84,000 U </td>       <td valign=top> +315017f3_ce46_4861_bde0_57826559a672_SMCC1606_11nbsp; 35,000 F </td>       <td valign=top> =315017f3_ce46_4861_bde0_57826559a672_SMCC1606_11nbsp; 49,000 U </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> Chocolate </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> 81,000 U </td>       <td valign=top> + 54,000 F </td>       <td valign=top> =27,000 U </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> Strawberry </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> 99,000 F </td>       <td valign=top> + 44,000 F </td>       <td valign=top> =143,000 F </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> Anchovy </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> <span class=underline>  180,000</span> F </td>       <td valign=top> + <span class=underline>15,000</span> F </td>       <td valign=top> =<span class=underline>195,000</span> F </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> Total </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> <span class=underline>$114,000</span> F </td>       <td valign=top> + <span class=underline>$148,000</span> F </td>       <td valign=top> =<span class=underline>$262,000</span> F </td>      </tr>     </tbody>    </table>

1.?c.?Sales Quantity Variance

    <div class=answer> <span class=bold>Sales Mix</span>    <table cellspacing=5 cellpadding=5 border=0>     <tbody>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> <span class=italics> </span> </td>       <td colspan=2 style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=bottom><p align=center><span class=underline>Budget</span> </td>       <td colspan=2 style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=bottom><p align=center><span class=underline>Actual</span> </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> <span class=underline>   Flavor  </span> </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=bottom><p align=center><span class=underline>Quantity</span> </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=bottom><p align=center><span class=underline>Mix</span> </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=bottom><p align=center><span class=underline>Quantity</span> </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=bottom><p align=center><span class=underline>Mix</span> </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> Vanilla </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center>250,000 </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center>.3125 </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center>180,000 </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center>.18750 </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> Chocolate </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center>300,000 </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center>.3750 </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center>270,000 </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center>.28125 </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> Strawberry </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center>200,000 </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center>.2500 </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center>330,000 </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center>.34375 </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> Anchovy </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center><span class=underline>50,000</span> </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center><span class=underline>.0625</span> </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center><span class=underline>180,000</span> </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center><span class=underline>.18750</span> </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> Total </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center><span class=underline>800,000</span> </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center><span class=underline>1.00</span> </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center><span class=underline>960,000</span> </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt><p align=center><span class=underline>1.00</span> </td>      </tr>     </tbody>    </table> 1.?a.?<span class=underline>Sales Volume Variance</span> <table class=MsoNormalTable style=border-collapse:collapse;border:none;margin-left:6.75pt; margin-right:6.75pt width=659 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 border=0 align=center>     <tbody>      <tr>       <td valign=top> ? </td>       <td colspan=3 valign=bottom> <span class=bold><span class=italics><span class=underline>Sales Quantity</span></span></span> </td>       <td valign=bottom>   </td>       <td> <span class=bold><span class=italics>Budgeted Contribution</span></span> </td>       <td valign=bottom>   </td>       <td> <span class=bold><span class=italics>Sales Volume</span></span> </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td valign=top> <span class=bold><span class=italics><span class=underline>    Flavor   </span></span></span> </td>       <td style=width:62.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt width=83> <span class=bold><span class=italics><span class=underline>Actual</span></span></span> </td>       <td style=width:77.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt width=103> <span class=bold><span class=italics><span class=underline>Budget</span></span></span> </td>       <td style=width:3.0cm;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt width=113> <span class=bold><span class=italics><span class=underline>Difference</span></span></span> </td>       <td style=width:101.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt width=136> <span class=bold><span class=italics><span class=underline>Margin/Unit</span></span></span> </td>       <td style=width:3.0cm;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt width=113> <span class=bold><span class=italics><span class=underline>   Variance  </span></span></span> </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td valign=top> <span class=bold><span class=italics>Vanilla 180,000</span></span> </td>       <td valign=top> <span class=bold><span class=italics>250,000</span></span> </td>       <td valign=top> <span class=bold><span class=italics> 70,000</span></span> </td>       <td valign=top> <span class=bold><span class=italics>X</span></span> </td>       <td valign=top> <span class=bold><span class=italics>$0.70 =</span></span> </td>       <td valign=top> <span class=bold><span class=italics>$ 49,000 U</span></span> </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td valign=top> Chocolate </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right>270,000 </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right>300,000 </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right>30,000 </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right>x $0.90 = </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right>27,000 U </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td valign=top> Strawberry </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right>330,000 </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right> 200,000 </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right>130,000 </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right>x $1.10 = </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right>143,000 F </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td valign=top> Anchovy </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right><span class=underline>180,000</span> </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right><span class=underline>50,000</span> </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right>130,000 </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right>x $1.50 = </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right><span class=underline>195,000</span> F </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td valign=top>    Total </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right><span class=underline>960,000</span> </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right><span class=underline>800,000</span> </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right>  </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right>  </td>       <td valign=top><p align=right><span class=underline>$262,000</span> F </td>      </tr>     </tbody>    </table>    <p align=left>1.?b.?<span class=underline>Sales Mix Variance</span>   1.?c.?<span class=underline>Sales Quantity Variance</span>   ?<span class=underline>Recap</span> <table cellspacing=5 cellpadding=5 border=0>     <tbody>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> <span class=underline>?</span> </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> Sales Mix </td>       <td valign=top> Sales Quantity </td>       <td valign=top> Sales Volume </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> <span class=underline>Flavor </span> </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> <span class=underline>Variance</span> </td>       <td valign=top> <span class=underline>Variance</span> </td>       <td valign=top> <span class=underline>Variance</span> </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> Vanilla </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> cb3c7528_ecc5_4c77_ac52_8968da32a5f7_SMCC1606_11nbsp; 84,000 U </td>       <td valign=top> +cb3c7528_ecc5_4c77_ac52_8968da32a5f7_SMCC1606_11nbsp; 35,000 F </td>       <td valign=top> =cb3c7528_ecc5_4c77_ac52_8968da32a5f7_SMCC1606_11nbsp; 49,000 U </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> Chocolate </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> 81,000 U </td>       <td valign=top> + 54,000 F </td>       <td valign=top> =27,000 U </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> Strawberry </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> 99,000 F </td>       <td valign=top> + 44,000 F </td>       <td valign=top> =143,000 F </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> Anchovy </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> <span class=underline>  180,000</span> F </td>       <td valign=top> + <span class=underline>15,000</span> F </td>       <td valign=top> =<span class=underline>195,000</span> F </td>      </tr>      <tr>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> Total </td>       <td style=padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt valign=top> <span class=underline>$114,000</span> F </td>       <td valign=top> + <span class=underline>$148,000</span> F </td>       <td valign=top> =<span class=underline>$262,000</span> F </td>      </tr>     </tbody>    </table>

?Recap

?

Sales Mix

Sales Quantity

Sales Volume

Flavor 

Variance

Variance

Variance

Vanilla

$  84,000 U

+$  35,000 F

=$  49,000 U

Chocolate

81,000 U

+ 54,000 F

=27,000 U

Strawberry

99,000 F

+ 44,000 F

=143,000 F

Anchovy

  180,000 F

+ 15,000 F

=195,000 F

Total

$114,000 F

+ $148,000 F

=$262,000 F


Step 2 of 2

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Cost Management: A Strategic Emphasis 5th Edition by David Stout, Edward Blocher, Gary Cokins
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