Introduction to Epidemiology 6th Edition by Ray M Merrill

Exercise 6

Compare a direct causal association with an indirect causal association. Use specific examples.

Step 1 of 2

There are two causal associations which are based on intermediate factor and its complexity. These are direct and indirect causal inferences. The more obvious and contain no intermediate factor is known to be as direct causal association.

For example, when the skin is damage or harmed then a bruise is formed at that point, also when a Salmonella species enters the body then it causes enteritis. When one remove the cause of the harm or disease then the adverse health outcome is also removed.