Introduction to Epidemiology 6th Edition by Ray M Merrill

Exercise 3

Recall the causal criteria presented by Sir Austin BradfordHill in 1965.Discuss these criteria in the context of smoking and lung cancer.

Step 1 of 2

Sir Austin Bradford Hill in 1965 postulated nine points that are used to define if statistical associations were also the causal associations. These are consistency of association, specificity, strength of association, biologic gradient, biological plausibility, experimental evidence, coherence, analogy, and temporality.