Quiz 7: Memory

The process by which we encode,store,and retrieve information is known as _____. A)perception B)memory C)rehearsal D)cognition

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order in which memory processes occur,from first to last? A)Encoding  storage  retrieval B)Storage  retrieval  encoding C)Encoding  retrieval  storage D)Storage  encoding  retrieval

Material in memory storage has to be located and brought into awareness to be useful.This process is known as _____. A)potentiation B)retrieval C)encoding D)storage

When answering such questions as "Who was your date to the junior prom?" or "Which costume did you wear last Halloween?" you are relying most explicitly on the memory process of: A)encoding. B)potentiation. C)retrieval. D)storage.

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of stages in the three-stage model of memory? A)Sensory memory  short-term memory  long-term memory B)Short-term memory  sensory memory  long-term memory C)Short-term memory  working memory  long-term memory D)Working memory  short-term memory  long-term memory

_____ memory refers to the initial,momentary storage of information that lasts only an instant. A)Working B)Long-term C)Sensory D)Short-term

Which of the following is TRUE of sensory memory? A)The precision of sensory memory is low due to its brief duration. B)Sensory memory is the memory store in which information first has meaning. C)Sensory memory permits us to keep information in an active state briefly so that we can do something with the information. D)Sensory memory can store an almost exact replica of each stimulus to which it is exposed.

The study of sensory memory is associated with: A)Elizabeth Loftus B)George Miller C)George Sperling D)Hermann Ebbinghaus

In the late 1950s and early 1960s,psychologist George Sperling conducted key studies of: A)sensory memory. B)short-term memory. C)semantic networks. D)long-term memory.

A research participant is required to report as much of a poem as he can remember,immediately after having read the poem once.We would expect the greatest number of recall errors in lines: A)at the beginning of the poem. B)in the middle of the poem. C)at the end of the poem. D)anywhere in the poem.

Which of the following expressions best reflects the capacity of short-term memory? A)One or two items B)Unlimited C)About seven +/- two chunks D)About a dozen chunks

Tommy is repeating a series of digits in the order in which he heard an experimenter read them.The experimenter is testing the capacity of Tommy's _____ memory.Tommy should be able to repeat about _____ digits correctly. A)short-term; four B)short-term; seven C)sensory; four D)sensory; seven

Grouping pieces of information together to expand the effective capacity of short-term memory is termed _____. A)chunking B)clumping C)consolidating D)compacting

When you tell an acquaintance your telephone number,you do not recite the digits one by one at a constant rate,as in "3,3,7,2,3,4,8,3,9,2." Rather,you might say,"3,3,7 ...2,3,4 ...83,92." This exemplifies _____,a strategy to enhance _____ memory. A)consolidation; sensory B)consolidation; short-term C)chunking; sensory D)chunking; short-term

We look up a number in the phone book,push the book away,and then begin to dial the number.Why do we discourage an interruption during this process? A)Information lasts only 15-25 seconds in short-term memory. B)Information lasts only 5-6 seconds in short-term memory. C)Information can only last a minute or so in short-term memory. D)Short-term memory can only hold one or two chunks of information.

Rehearsal refers to the: A)inability to recall information that one realizes one knows. B)grouping of information that can be stored in short-term memory. C)repetition of information that has entered short-term memory. D)memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past.

Rehearsal serves to: A)refresh sensory memory. B)keep information in sensory memory. C)transfer information into long-term memory. D)retrieve specific information exclusively.

_____ rehearsal occurs when information is considered and organized in some fashion. A)Primary B)Elaborative C)Rote D)Maintenance

The concept of working memory represents a contemporary conceptualization of _____ memory. A)sensory B)short-term C)long-term D)declarative

_____ memory is defined as a memory system that holds information temporarily while actively manipulating and rehearsing that information. A)Declarative B)Semantic C)Long-term D)Working

"She did WHAT?" your roommate questions,as you relate an anecdote about a mutual friend.Your roommate is processing your story in _____ memory. A)working B)sensory C)semantic D)long-term

On your computer desktop,you can see all sorts of different files.Each file is immediately accessible because you are actively working on them,and you can open them whenever you want.These files are in fact very similar to the kind of information held in: A)long-term memory. B)working memory. C)sensory memory. D)procedural memory.

As you work on a complex multiplication problem in your head,the numbers you are manipulating are in your _____ memory,and the multiplication tables you are drawing from are in _____ memory. A)working; long-term B)working; sensory C)long-term; working D)sensory; working

Which of the following statements is TRUE of working memory? A)Sensory memory is referred to as working memory. B)Working memory avoids the use of cognitive resources of information. C)Working memory stores information on a relatively permanent basis,although it may be difficult to retrieve. D)Working memory permits us to keep information in an active state briefly so that we can do something with the information.

Which of the following accurately describes the processing of information in working memory? A)Working memory is the initial,momentary storage of information,lasting only an instant. B)Working memory uses cognitive resources during its operation,which makes us less aware of our surroundings. C)Stress can increase the effectiveness of working memory by reducing its capacity. D)Working memory is a set of permanent memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information.

Which of the following best describes the effect of stress on working memory capacity? A)Stress has no effect on the capacity of working memory. B)Stress increases the capacity of working memory only marginally. C)Stress increases the capacity of working memory dramatically. D)Stress can reduce the effectiveness of working memory by reducing its capacity.

The distinction between long- and short-term memory: A)is somewhat artificial. B)has failed to gain empirical support in memory research. C)is supported by the effects of certain kinds of brain damage. D)is supported by the distinction between declarative memory and procedural memory.

Our ability to recall an item from a list depends on where,in the list,the item occurs.This is the _____ effect. A)serial position B)list memory C)cereal position D)item order

The primacy effect refers to the fact that: A)the most important items in a list are remembered better than the less important items. B)items presented early in a list are remembered better than items in the middle of the list. C)items presented late in a list are remembered better than items presented earlier. D)items in a list which have the greatest emotional impact are those with the greatest likelihood of recall.

"Cat food,cola,toothpaste." Your roommate begins reciting items as you get to ready to leave to the store.He continues to list a few more items.Finally,he wraps up: "Coffee creamer,spaghetti sauce,dish liquid,and ice-tea mix." You forget a couple of things,but you do manage to get the cat food,cola,and toothpaste.Your memory for these items reflects the _____ effect. A)primacy B)recency C)serial memory D)item order

You examine the schedule for your favorite soccer team.The team plays 16 games each season.Later,you try recalling that schedule for a friend who likes the same team you do.Chances are,you will recall opponents at the beginning of the schedule particularly well.This is an example of the _____ effect. A)list B)consolidation C)primacy D)depth-of-processing

The recency effect refers to the fact that: A)items presented late in a list are remembered better than items presented in the middle of a list. B)the first several items on a list are remembered better than the items in the middle of the list. C)rehearsed items are more likely to be remembered than unrehearsed items. D)the most personally relevant items on a list are most likely to be remembered.

"Milk,cereal,candy." Your roommate begins reciting items as you get ready to leave to the store.He continues to list a few more items.Finally,he wraps up: "Spaghetti sauce,dish liquid,and ice- tea mix." You forget a few things,but the spaghetti sauce,dish liquid,and ice-tea mix are in the bag.Your memory for these items reflects the _____ effect. A)primacy B)recency C)list memory D)serial order

When you try to list all the classes you've ever taken in college,chances are you will recall your last few classes particularly well.What is this phenomenon called? A)Chunking B)Primacy effect C)Recency effect D)Memory consolidation

Which of the following refers to declarative memory? A)Memory for habits B)Memory for skills C)Memory for how to do things D)Memory for names

Which of the following forms of memory refers to memory for skills and habits? A)Declarative memory B)Semantic memory C)Episodic memory D)Procedural memory

_____ memory is the memory for general knowledge and facts about the world,as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduce other facts. A)Episodic B)Semantic C)Non-declarative D)Procedural

Knowing how to serve a badminton birdie is an example of a(n)_____ memory. A)episodic B)declarative C)procedural D)semantic

Cory knows that the capital of Vermont is Montpelier.This is an example of _____ memory. A)semantic B)episodic C)procedural D)non-declarative

Having done "21 for 21" shots,Deanna barely remembers her 21st birthday.That is,her _____ memory is sketchy. A)procedural B)semantic C)episodic D)working

Which of the following statements accurately captures the relationship among the modules of long-term memory? A)Episodic and semantic memory are both components of procedural memory. B)Episodic and semantic memory are both components of declarative memory. C)Declarative and semantic memory are both types of episodic memory. D)Declarative and semantic memory are both types of procedural memory.

Activating one memory triggers the activation of related memories in a process known as: A)spreading activation. B)elaborative rehearsal. C)network priming. D)rote learning.

The hippocampus is located in the _____ lobe. A)frontal B)parietal C)temporal D)occipital

Which of the following is TRUE of the neuroscience of memory? A)In the process of long-term potentiation,memories become fixed and stable in long-term memory. B)The process called consolidation shows that certain neural pathways become easily excited while a new response is being learned. C)The initial encoding of information aided by the amygdala is passed along to the hippocampus where it is actually stored. D)The engram is the physical memory trace in the brain that corresponds to a memory.

Which of the following is TRUE of the neuroscience of memory? A)The initial encoding of information aided by the hippocampus is passed along to the amygdalA. B)The amygdala is especially involved with memories involving emotion. C)The hippocampus is located within the brain's frontal lobes. D)The amygdala aids in the initial encoding of information,acting as a kind of neurological e-mail system.

Estelle remembers the night she was mugged and brutally beaten.This memory probably involves not only her hippocampus,but also her: A)cerebellum. B)hypothalamus. C)thalamus. D)amygdala.

Long-term potentiation refers to the process whereby: A)the number of synaptic and dendritic connections between neurons increases with experience. B)memories become fixed and stable in the long term. C)neural pathways become activated more easily as learning occurs. D)disturbing memories seem to gain in intensity over time.

Maguire,Woollett,and Spiers conducted an fMRI study of the role of the hippocampus in spatial memory.The study showed that years of experience driving a taxi in London was _____ correlated with the size of posterior portions of the hypothalamus and _____ correlated with the size of anterior portions of the hypothalamus. A)positively; negatively B)positively; positively C)negatively; negatively D)negatively; positively

Why is the term engram generally discouraged by psychologists studying memory? A)Psychologists do not believe it is possible to identify the physical brain bases of a memory. B)There is probably no single site or process in the brain corresponding to a particular memory. C)Any given memory probably involves many simultaneous brain processes and locations because a stimulus contains a single sensory aspect. D)The term engram typically involves physical memory that corresponds only to sensory memory.

"I know it! It's um ...um ...It starts with 'G'," begins a trivia-game contestant excitedly.The contestant is falling prey to the _____ phenomenon. A)tip-of-the-tongue B)flashbulb memory C)motivated forgetting D)retrograde interference

Almost everybody has had the feeling of knowing the answer to a question,but not being quite able to say it.This is called the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon and is a failure of: A)retention. B)storage. C)retrieval. D)trace consolidation.

Mickey is about to take his psychology finals.Just before the exam,the person sitting next to him asks him the name of the physiologist who worked on classical conditioning.Mickey suddenly realizes that he cannot quite remember the name,but he knows that it starts with a P and is two syllables long.Mickey is experiencing: A)repression. B)simple decay. C)retrograde amnesia. D)the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

Why is it so difficult to retrieve information from long-term memory? A)The capacity of long-term memory is limited. B)The duration of long-term memories is limited. C)There is so much information being stored in long-term memory. D)The material that makes its way to long-term memory is temporary.

A stimulus that facilitates the recall of information from long-term memory is called a: A)retrieval cue. B)flashbulb memory. C)conservation. D)chunking.

An old song playing on the radio may remind you of events that occurred when the song was current.The song is acting as a(n): A)retrieval cue. B)mnemonic. C)flashbulb. D)schema.

Chad is puzzling over a difficult question on a multiple-choice sociology test.He re-reads the question,scans the options beneath the question,and glances at other questions on the test.Most likely,Chad is looking for: A)mnemonics. B)flashbulb memories. C)retrieval cues. D)a miracle.

Ralph is preparing a report on his academic field trip to a manufacturing plant.He is trying to remember each event of the trip in the order in which it occurred to prepare an accurate report in a presentable form.Which of the following memory tasks is Ralph using? A)Rehearsal B)Recognition C)Consolidation D)Recall

Three-year-old Jane had learned the names of fruits from a picture book.She was taken to a grocery store and asked to identify apples and melons kept in the store.Which of the following memory tasks would be used by Jane to identify the fruits? A)Rehearsal B)Recognition C)Consolidation D)Recall

"Discuss several factors that contributed to the economic collapse of late-2008," asks a question in the midterm paper of an economics course.Such a question is a test of _____ memory. A)recall B)procedural C)recognition D)non-declarative

_____ is a memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from a list of alternatives. A)Recall B)Recognition C)Rehearsal D)Chunk

The levels-of-processing approach: A)assumes that the longer the material is in working memory,the deeper will be its memory traces. B)is primarily concerned with a type of memory called "procedural." C)suggests that thinking about material leads to better memory than maintenance rehearsal. D)holds that meaningless material produces greater depth of processing than material that can easily be fitted into meaningful contexts.

Which of the following is TRUE of the levels-of-processing theory? A)At deep levels of processing,information is processed in terms of its physical and sensory aspects. B)At shallow levels of processing,information is analyzed in terms of its meaning. C)When the initial level of processing of specific information is shallow,the information will be retained for longer. D)At an intermediate level of processing,information is translated into meaningful units.

The levels-of-processing approach suggests: A)that specific information will be retained for longer when the level of information processing is deeper. B)the existence of the three separate memory stores: sensory memory,shot-term memory,and long-term memory. C)that the lesser the intensity of the initial processing of information,the more likely we are to remember it. D)that when the initial level of processing of specific information is shallow,the information will be retained for longer.

According to the levels-of-processing theory,which of the following study techniques would enhance memory best? A)Highlighting important passages in the text B)Reading aloud important passages in the text C)Focusing on the meaning of important passages in the text D)Visualizing pages from the text,and then "reading" the material contained in them

According to the levels-of-processing theory,which of the following students should retrieve information more successfully on classroom tests? A)Grant,who attempts to memorize his notes B)Irene,who pays close attention to what is taught in class C)Noel,who reads the content in his text loudly D)Giselle,who underlines the important content in the text

A typical multiple-choice question on a psychology test is an example of both a _____ and an _____ test of memory. A)recall; implicit B)recall; explicit C)recognition; implicit D)recognition; explicit

Which of the following searches explicit memory? A)Jumping out of the path of an automobile coming toward us B)A feeling of vague dislike for an acquaintance without knowing why we have that feeling C)Trying to remember a name encountered or learned about previously D)Picking up the phone whenever it rings

Julia is puzzled over a fill-in-the-blank question in her sociology test paper.To answer the question correctly,Julia has to use _____ memory. A)explicit B)implicit C)subconscious D)implied

"I know it! It's um ...um ... ," begins a trivia-game contestant excitedly.The contestant is engaged in a test of her _____ memory. A)external B)explicit C)internal D)implicit

Bart remembers the release date of his favorite movie director's upcoming project.Which of the following forms of memory would have helped Bart? A)Implicit memory B)External memory C)Explicit memory D)Internal memory

Memories of which we are not consciously aware of are called _____ memories. A)internal B)subliminal C)subconscious D)implicit

Which of the following is TRUE of explicit memory and implicit memory? A)Explicit memory and implicit memory cannot exist side by side. B)Explicit memory can be studied through experiments that use priming. C)Implicit memory is involved in prejudice and discrimination. D)Implicit memory refers to memories of which people are consciously aware.

_____ is a phenomenon in which exposure to a word or concept later makes it easier to recall related information,even when there is no conscious memory of the word or concept. A)Rehearsal B)Priming C)Chunking D)Flashbulb

Some psychologists consider classical conditioning to be a form of implicit memory.Which of the following is probably the best reason for suggesting that classical conditioning is a type of implicit memory? A)Classical conditioning occurs outside awareness. B)Classical conditioning requires conscious awareness. C)Classical conditioning is one mechanism whereby we learn actions and skills that we can recollect intentionally. D)Classical conditioning allows us to learn from experience.

The 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center,Princess Diana's death,and the 1986 Challenger explosion.People's memories of the moment in which they learned of these events are termed _____ memories. A)non-declarative B)flashbulb C)implicit D)procedural

Flashbulb memories: A)typically concern major,unexpected public or personal events. B)are remarkably accurate,even years after the initial event. C)must be due to special encoding mechanisms for emotionally charged events. D)are generally less accurate than memories for more mundane events because of the emotion surrounding the original event.

Which of the following is TRUE of flashbulb memories? A)The less distinctive a stimulus is,the more likely we are to recall it later. B)A distinctive stimulus always helps us remember where the information came from. C)Flashbulb memories contain every detail of an original scene. D)The details recalled in flashbulb memories are often inaccurate.

Christopher clearly remembers that he was practicing his dialogues for his school play when he heard that the governor of his state had been assassinated.This is an example of a(n)_____ memory. A)non-declarative B)flashbulb C)implicit D)procedural

_____ amnesia occurs when an individual has a memory for some material but cannot recall where he or she encountered it. A)Retrograde B)Source C)Anterograde D)Dissociative

"I don't know who told me first,but I heard that Kenny..." Lana begins,sharing gossip on the phone with a friend.Lana is experiencing: A)anterograde amnesiA. B)retrograde amnesia. C)dissociative amnesia. D)source amnesia.

During a conversation,Jerry told his friend that their favorite rock band was going to perform in their city.However,he could not remember the medium through which he got the information about the show.Jerry was experiencing: A)anterograde amnesiA. B)retrograde amnesia. C)dissociative amnesia. D)source amnesia.

_____ is a process in which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events. A)Non-declarative process B)Consolidation C)Constructive process D)Long-term potentiation

The first psychologist to emphasize the importance of constructive processes in memory was: A)Frederic Bartlett. B)Hermann Ebbinghaus. C)George Miller. D)George Sperling.

A schema is: A)a conceptual framework for interpreting a situation. B)a form of proactive interference. C)an important result of decay. D)an item that has been forgotten.

How does use of a schema improve memory? A)A schema improves memory for details. B)A schema provides a framework to use in interpreting a situation. C)A schema helps avoid making errors in remembering the details of a situation. D)A schema prevents the erosion of implicit memories.

Dr.Tranh has given so many lectures that he gives little thought to what he expects might happen.He assumes students will assemble,take notes,and occasionally ask a question.That Dr.Tranh finds the process so routine reflects the development of: A)a semantic association. B)explicit memory. C)a retrieval path. D)a schema.

Loftus and Palmer (1974)conducted an experiment in which participants estimated the speed of a car described as either contacting or smashing into another.To which of the following conclusions regarding eyewitness memory is this study most relevant? A)The presence of a weapon attracts witnesses' attention,impairing their memory. B)Eyewitnesses' confidence is only weakly related to eyewitness memory. C)Eyewitness memory can be heavily influenced by leading questions. D)Child eyewitnesses are especially suggestible.

The unconscious process whereby disturbing memories are prevented from entering awareness is called: A)repression. B)denial. C)projection. D)suppression.

The idea that disturbing memories may be repressed derives from: A)Freud's psychoanalytic theory. B)Bartlett's constructive memory approach. C)Loftus's notion of false memories. D)the three-stage model of memory.

Which of the following alternatives best expresses psychologist Elizabeth Loftus' position on the validity of repressed memories? A)Repressed memories are often false.They reflect confusion regarding the source of a memory. B)Repressed memories are often false.They reflect an impairment of implicit memory mechanisms. C)Repressed memories are often false.They reflect a failure of maintenance rehearsal. D)Repressed memories are often true.They reflect the operation of defense mechanisms protecting us from unpleasant or disturbing thoughts.

Middle-aged Mrs.Lovett is recalling her first Christmas as a young newlywed at her in-laws' Wyoming ranch.This is a(n)_____ memory. A)procedural B)implicit C)autobiographical D)non-declarative

Which of the following best encapsulates autobiographical memory? A)Autobiographical memory is just as inaccurate as other types of memory.The different periods of one's life are remembered with equal ease. B)Autobiographical memory is just as inaccurate as other types of memory.Some periods of one's life are recalled more easily than are others. C)Autobiographical memory is more accurate than other types of memory.The different periods of one's life are remembered with equal ease. D)Autobiographical memory is more accurate than other types of memory.Some periods of one's life are recalled more easily than others.

One's culture is most likely to influence: A)short-term memory capacity. B)the structure of long-term memory. C)the strategies one uses to recall information from long-term memory. D)the structure of procedural memory.

In the context of the potential influence of a written language on the recall ability of a culture's members,research has: A)revealed that a written language tends to decrease people's memory ability. B)shown that a written language tends to increase people's memory ability. C)revealed that a written language probably has little influence on people's memory ability. D)not yielded a definitive conclusion as yet.

The first attempts to scientifically study forgetting were made by the German psychologist: A)Hermann Ebbinghaus. B)Wilhelm Wundt. C)Ernst Heinrich Weber. D)Georg Elias Muller.

Which of the following statements best describes the forgetting function that Ebbinghaus discovered? A)Material is forgotten at a relatively constant rate once it has been learned. B)Nothing is ever really forgotten. C)Material is forgotten at a relatively slow rate at first,then the rate of forgetting speeds up. D)Material is forgotten relatively rapidly at first,and then the rate of forgetting slows down.

Which of the following best describes the results of Ebbinghaus's work on forgetting? A)You'll remember what you learn pretty well for a day or two,but then you'll begin rapidly forgetting the material. B)Beginning immediately,you'll slowly forget what you've learned at a relatively constant rate. C)You'll forget most of it right away,and you'll keep on forgetting more of it,though at a slower rate. D)I forget.

Jerry is at a party.He is introduced to three different people in the span of a moment.Later,he is approached by the first person he met and cannot remember her name.Which of the following is most likely the source of Jerry's difficulty? A)Jerry failed to encode the woman's name. B)Jerry's working memory capacity was exceeded by the number of people he met. C)Jerry experienced interference in retrieving the woman's name. D)Jerry failed to rehearse the woman's name sufficiently.

Drew is unable to recall whether Lincoln's head faces left or right on the penny.Which of the following is probably the best explanation for Drew's memory failure? A)The information is difficult to retrieve because it is stored along with so many other pieces of information in Drew's long-term memory. B)The information was learned so long ago that it is no longer stored in Drew's long-term memory. C)The information was not encoded,because Drew never really paid attention to Lincoln's head on the penny. D)The information was immediately displaced from Drew's working memory after it was encoded.

Which of the following is the best reason that we have trouble remembering the license plate number of a car that we just passed 10 minutes ago? A)Working memory lasts only a minute or so. B)License plate numbers are too difficult to remember easily. C)We probably never encoded the number in the first place. D)The memory,though present,is too difficult to retrieve except under special circumstances,such as hypnosis or substantial amounts of stress.

Which theory of forgetting is correctly matched with its description? A)Decay-Information is lost over time as a result of nonuse. B)Interference-Forgetting occurs when there are too few "triggers" to recall the information. C)Cue-dependent-Forgetting occurs because other information in memory disrupts the retrieval of the information we are trying to remember. D)Retroactive interference-Information learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material.

Which of the following statements best describes the fate of the decay theory of forgetting in psychology? A)It has been completely discredited as a theory of forgetting. B)It is an incomplete theory of forgetting. C)It has largely been affirmed as a theory of forgetting. D)It has been supplanted by more contemporary theories of forgetting.

In _____ interference,information learned earlier disrupts the recall of information learned more recently; in _____ interference,recently learned information disrupts the recall of information learned earlier. A)retroactive; proactive B)proactive; retroactive C)regressive; progressive D)progressive; regressive

Owen has trouble remembering a friend's new phone number; he keeps recalling the old number instead.Completing a rental application,Pippa finds she can't recall one of her previous addresses as she's had several addresses since.Owen is experiencing _____ interference; Pippa is experiencing _____. A)retrograde; anterograde interference B)proactive; retroactive interference C)proactive; proactive interference,as well D)retroactive; proactive interference

_____,an illness characterized in part by severe memory problems,is the fourth leading cause of death among adults in the United States. A)Korsakoff's syndrome B)Parkinsonism C)Alzheimer's disease D)Stickler syndrome

In _____ amnesia,memory is lost for events preceding an injury or accident; in _____ amnesia,memory is lost for events following an injury or accident. A)retrograde; anterograde B)anterograde; retrograde C)retroactive; proactive D)proactive; retroactive

Omar experienced a dissociative-fugue state.He suddenly snapped out of it in front of the pet-supplies display in a discount store; he had no memory whatsoever of his previous life in Greensboro,NC.Omar's amnesia is best described as: A)proactive B)anterograde C)retroactive D)retrograde

Rhonda can't remember anything about the first several minutes immediately following a car crash in which she was injured.Rhonda is experiencing _____ amnesia. A)anterograde B)retrograde C)retroactive D)proactive

Pierre has been an alcoholic for several decades.Now in his 50s,his intellectual abilities are intact,but he suffers from memory deficits and hallucinations.Based on this information,you suspect that Pierre may be afflicted with: A)proactive interference. B)Alzheimer's disease. C)anterograde amnesia. D)Korsakoff's syndrome.

Dr.Peter Ziemer is seeing a new patient,Mrs.Aaronson.She is experiencing memory losses.Dr.Ziemer tests her language and problem-solving abilities.He also asks her if she has a history of alcohol abuse.What might the language and problem-solving tests tell Dr.Ziemer? What would the answer to the alcohol-abuse question tell him? A)The language and problem-solving tests would help Dr.Ziemer determine whether Mrs.Aaronson suffers from Alzheimer's disease on the one hand,or some form of amnesia on the other.The answer to the alcohol-abuse question would let Dr.Ziemer know whether Korsakoff's syndrome is a possibility in her case. B)The language and problem-solving tests would help Dr.Ziemer determine whether Mrs.Aaronson suffers from Alzheimer's disease on the one hand,or Korsakoff's syndrome on the other.The answer to the alcohol-abuse question would let Dr.Ziemer know whether anterograde amnesia is a possibility in her case. C)The language and problem-solving tests would help Dr.Ziemer determine whether Mrs.Aaronson suffers from Korsakoff's syndrome on the one hand,or some form of amnesia on the other.The answer to the alcohol-abuse question would let Dr.Ziemer know whether Alzheimer's disease is a possibility in her case. D)The language and problem-solving tests would help Dr.Ziemer determine whether Mrs.Aaronson suffers from anterograde amnesia on the one hand,or retrograde amnesia on the other.The answer to the alcohol-abuse question would let Dr.Ziemer know whether Korsakoff's syndrome is a possibility in her case.

While a computer's hard drive may be likened to the memory process of storage,its keyboard is analogous to the process of .

You have just listened to your current favorite song on your iPod.You can still hear traces of the final chorus,even though the song has just ended.For a few seconds,the song will be represented in auditory sensory memory,or memory.

A(n)is a meaningful group of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short- term memory.

When faced with a list of terms to memorize in one of his college courses,Brendan creates an acrostic-a sentence in which successive words begin with the same letter as the corresponding list word.Formal organizational strategies such as this are termed .

Mental arithmetic entails the activity of both the visual and the verbal stores in working memory; the coordinates the operation of these two subsystems.

Semantic and episodic memory are subdivisions of memory.

Rhoda is thinking about her family reunion from last summer.This reminds her that a close friend is attending the same college in which her cousin is enrolled; her thoughts then turn to the reading assignments she has neglected in one of her classes.The process of describes how one memory brings up another in our network of mental representations.

Dr.Sally acquired her neurosurgery degree at an online college based in the West Indies.Unfortunately,during her first brain surgery,she inadvertently destroyed her patient's hippocampus,impairing his process of ,whereby memories are stabilized in long-term memory.

A is a stimulus that allows us to recall more easily information that is in long-term memory.

"You'll probably do better on the test if you put more effort into understanding what the chapter's trying to say in the first place," one of your professors admonishes the class.You are reminded of the theory of memory retrieval.

"It's like riding a bike; once you know how,you don't forget." This adage suggests that procedural memories do not require conscious attempts at recall; that is,procedural memories are often .

Implicit memory is often studied through experiments that use .

I was a second-semester freshman.I was eating fries in the college cafeteria when my friend Liz came up.She was wearing that plaid coat with her yellow skirt,along with that moss-green embroidered bag,the one with a Grecian urn embroidered on it.She told me the shuttle blew up.This is my memory of the 1986 Challenger disaster.

processes are processes in which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events.

Organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted,stored,and recalled are called .

memories are recollections of events that are initially so shocking that the mind responds by pushing them into the unconscious.

memories are our recollections of circumstances and episodes from our own lives.

The phenomenon by which information in memory disrupts the recall of other information is called .

is a memory disorder in which memory losses occur in the absence of other cognitive decrements.

Trey is studying German vocabulary for an upcoming test.He forms an image corresponding to an English word that sounds similar to the German word he is trying to learn.Trey is using the technique.

Short-term memory is limited both in the amount of information it can hold at one time,and in how long it can hold that information.Describe several strategies one might use to overcome the capacity and duration limitations of short-term memory.How might one use these strategies when studying for course materials? Provide concrete examples.

Compare and contrast the capacity and duration of sensory and short-term memory.Describe the experimental and neuropsychological evidence supporting the distinction between short- and long-term memories.

Describe working memory.

Define and provide original examples from your own experience of each of the following types of long-term memory: declarative,procedural,episodic,and semantic.

"The Search for the Engram." Has this research quest proven fruitful? Evaluate this question with respect to what is known regarding the brain basis of memory.

Discuss retrieval cues,recognition vs.recall,and levels of processing.

Distinguish between explicit and implicit memory.How is implicit memory studied in the laboratory? How does implicit memory research inform the continuing debate in psychology regarding the unconscious determinants of behavior? In your answer,make explicit reference to behaviors that may have important personal and social consequences.

What are flashbulb memories?

Our long-term memories are often inaccurate,even when we are convinced we are correctly remembering past events.Support this statement making specific reference to research on flashbulb,eyewitness,and false and repressed memories.

What are constructive processes in memory? Explain.

To what extent does culture influence basic memory processes and strategies for acquiring,rehearsing,and retrieving information? Provide as detailed a response as you can.

Distinguish between the decay,interference,and cue-dependent theories of forgetting.Provide an example of each.

Describe the two sorts of interference that influence forgetting.

Review the three organic memory dysfunctions described in your text: Alzheimer's disease,anterograde and retrograde amnesia,and Korsakoff's syndrome.Provide as detailed a response as you can.

Describe three of the techniques your text recommends for improving your memory.Suggest how the techniques you describe could be applied to improve your performance in one or more specific college courses.