According to Lemert, __________ Involves Norm Violations or Crimes That

Which of the following statements does NOT reflect labeling theory? A)Labeling theory identifies the role played by social agents in crime causation. B)Labeling theory recognizes that criminality is a disease or a pathological behavior. C)Labeling theory distinguishes between criminal acts and criminal careers. D)Labeling theory focuses attention on the social interactions and reactions that shape individuals and their behavior.

__________ is a process whereby secondary deviance pushes offenders out of the mainstream of society and offenders begin their escalating cycle of deviance. A)Reactive stigmata B)Differential morality C)Retrospective association D)Deviance amplification