Question 1

In 1957,this drug became the first drug to be marketed as an antidepressant:

Accepted Answer

Iproniazid was the first drug to be marketed as an antidepressant in 1957. It worked by inhibiting the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which increased the availability of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain. This led to improved mood and decreased symptoms of depression.

Question 2

Depression is sometimes divided into two categories: reactive depression and __________ depression.

Accepted Answer

Reactive depression is a type of depression that is triggered by external events or stressors, such as the loss of a loved one or job. Endogenous depression, on the other hand, has no identifiable external cause and may be the result of biological factors such as genetics or chemical imbalances in the brain.

Question 3

The first tricyclic antidepressant to be marketed

Accepted Answer

The first tricyclic antidepressant to be marketed was imipramine. It was approved by the FDA in 1959 for the treatment of major depressive disorder.

Question 4

Anxiety disorders,coronary heart disease,and diabetes are often comorbid with

Accepted Answer

Anxiety disorders, coronary heart disease, and diabetes are commonly seen in individuals with major depressive disorder. Comorbidity of these conditions is common and can lead to poorer health outcomes and increased disability.

Question 5

Fluoxetine is a slight structural variation of

Accepted Answer

Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), which is a type of antidepressant that differs structurally from tricyclic antidepressants, lithium, neuroleptics, phenothiazines, and MAO inhibitors. However, of the options given, tricyclic antidepressants are the most similar in structure to fluoxetine.

Question 6

Bupropion and agomelatine are classified as

Accepted Answer

Bupropion and agomelatine are considered atypical antidepressants due to their unique mechanisms of action compared to other antidepressant classes. Bupropion acts on dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, while agomelatine acts as an agonist for melatonin receptors and an antagonist for serotonin receptors.

Question 7

Iproniazid,the first antidepressant,

Accepted Answer

Iproniazid was initially developed as a treatment for tuberculosis, not as an antipsychotic drug. It is not known for being more effective against mania nor for usually producing dangerous drops in blood pressure. Its antidepressant properties were discovered serendipitously during its use in tuberculosis patients.

Question 8

The heritability estimates for major depressive disorder found in various studies have tended to range between

Accepted Answer

Studies have consistently found heritability estimates for major depressive disorder to range between 30 and 40%, indicating that genetics plays a significant role in the development of this disorder.

Question 9

Iproniazid is to imipramine as

Accepted Answer

Iproniazid and imipramine are both antidepressant medications, with iproniazid being an MAO inhibitor and imipramine being a tricyclic antidepressant. Therefore, the relationship between iproniazid and imipramine is that of an MAO inhibitor to a tricyclic antidepressant. Choice C correctly identifies this relationship.

Question 10

MAO inhibitors are no longer used in the treatment of depression because they

Accepted Answer

MAO inhibitors were found to have dangerous interactions with foods containing tyramine, which could cause severe hypertension. Therefore, they are rarely used in depression treatment because of the potential risks involved.

Question 11

Imipramine is a

Accepted Answer

Imipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). It works by inhibiting the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain, thereby increasing the availability of these neurotransmitters and improving mood.

Question 12

Iproniazid is rarely prescribed for the treatment of depression because

Accepted Answer

Iproniazid can have a dangerous interaction with tyramine-rich foods like cheese, causing a sudden and dangerous increase in blood pressure known as the "cheese effect." This can lead to strokes or heart attacks. Therefore, it is rarely prescribed for the treatment of depression.

Question 13

Fluoxetine

Accepted Answer

Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), which is as effective in treating depression as other classes of antidepressants like imipramine (a tricyclic antidepressant) and SNRIs (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors). It generally has fewer side effects than tricyclic antidepressants, making it a preferred choice for many patients.

Question 14

Imipramine

Accepted Answer

Imipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant that works by blocking the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine, increasing their levels in the brain. It is not known to have a significant effect on dopamine.

Question 15

Fluoxetine is marketed under the name

Accepted Answer

Fluoxetine is marketed under the name Prozac.

Question 16

In general,evidence directly linking early experience to the development of clinical depression is sparse,however in cases of _____________ the relation between experience and clinical depression is abundantly clear.

Accepted Answer

The ability of stress to trigger attacks in susceptible people is well established, but little evidence links early stress to the development of the chronic disorder.

Question 17

Clinical depression is also known as

Accepted Answer

Clinical depression is another term for major depressive disorder. While there are different types of depression, major depressive disorder is the most commonly diagnosed form and is characterized by symptoms such as sadness, hopelessness, loss of interest in activities, changes in appetite and sleeping patterns, and difficulty concentrating. Atypical depression and anhedonia are subtypes of depression, while minor depressive disorder is a less severe form of depression. Generalized anxiety disorder refers to a separate mental health condition characterized by excessive worry and anxiety.

Question 18

Selective norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitors are used in the treatment of

Accepted Answer

They are not as popular as SSRIs, but they appear to be just as effective.

Question 19

About what percentage of people suffer from clinical depression (major depressive disorder)at some point in their lives?

Accepted Answer

According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 10% of the global population suffers from clinical depression at some point in their lives.

Question 20

Several large scale studies have compared the effectiveness of various antidepressants to placebos.These studies have found that

Accepted Answer

Considering the amount spent on these drugs and the seriousness of the problem, these results are depressing.

Quiz 18: Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders