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A friend of yours, Karen, discovered a small lump in her breast during a routine self-examination. When she mentions it, you ask if she has seen a doctor. She tells you that she hasn't had time to schedule an appointment; besides, she says, she's not sure it's really the kind of lump one has to worry about. It's clear to you that Karen is in denial and procrastinating about seeing a doctor. What advice would you give her?
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A breast lump may be indicative of a benign condition such as a side effect of menstruation that disappears after menstruation, an infection related to breastfeeding, a lipoma, trauma to the breast fatty tissue, a fibroadenoma, or a breast cyst. Even though, Lady K should go to the doctor to have a breast examination to rule out lump malignancy. The doctor may recommend, depending on the findings of the examination, that Lady K comes in for another examination or undergoes an examination through the use of a mammogram, an ultrasound scan, fine needle aspiration, or biopsy. With the use of a mammogram, there may be a false-positive diagnosis that can cause anxiety and distress for up to three years after diagnosis.
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Have you had a lipoprotein profile lately? Do you think it's necessary for you to obtain one? If your reading was/is borderline or high, what lifestyle changes can you make to help control your cholesterol level?
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A lipoprotein profile can help identify the risk for developing cardiovascular disease and pancreatitis, among other diseases, as well as the presence of certain genetic disease. Having a profile done is considered to be particularly important for those who have heart disease or abnormal lipid levels and for those who take cholesterol lowering medication. Cholesterol level can be controlled by losing weight, exercise, and eating foods such as fruits, vegetables, and those containing omega-3 fatty acids.
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Which of the following statements about diabetes mellitus is false ?
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The rate of diabetes has doubled over the last 20 years. The diabetes rates remain higher among blacks, Asians, Hispanics, and Native Americans than in whites.
Hence, the correct answer is(b)The incidence of diabetes has decreased in the last decade, especially among African Americans, Native Americans, and Latinos.
Type two diabetes can be controlled without the use of insulin through the use of a diet with a restricted calorie intake that spreads out carbohydrate intake throughout the day, an exercise routine, and medication(most commonly metformin). All these avenues work to control blood glucose levels. Metformin causes the body to become more sensitive to insulin. Hence, the option(a)Individuals with type 2 diabetes can often control the disease without taking insulin is incorrect.
Measuring blood glucose levels allow the diabetic to understand how effective his management program is. High glucose levels can result in heart injury that can lead to heart attacks or death and in ketoacidosis. Hence, the option(c)Individuals with diabetes must measure the levels of glucose in their blood to ensure that it does not rise to unsafe levels is incorrect.
Extremely high blood glucose levels or extremely low blood glucose levels can cause a number of conditions that can result in coma such as diabetic ketoacidosis, diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome, and hypoglycemia. These conditions, if left untreated, can lead to death. Hence, the option(d)Untreated or uncontrolled diabetes can lead to coma and eventual death is incorrect.
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Do you have family members who have had cancer? Were these individuals at risk for cancer because of specific environmental factors, such as long-term exposure to tobacco smoke? If no particular cause was identified, what other factors could have triggered their diseases? Are you concerned that you might have inherited a genetic predisposition to any particular type of cancer because of your family history?
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Which of the following will not protect you from certain types of cancer?
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Have you had your blood pressure checked lately? If your reading was high, what steps are you now taking to help reduce your blood pressure?
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In your lipoprotein profile, having a high level of this blood element is a good thing.
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