Quiz 15: Major Diseases

Nutrition

Have you had your blood pressure checked lately? If your reading was high, what steps are you now taking to help reduce your blood pressure?

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Essay

A number of methods can reduce blood pressure, including exercise, slow breathing, meditation, reduction of salt intake, increasing potassium intake, use of a coenzyme 10 supplement, and use of blood pressure medication, among others. Exercise reduces the workload of the heart in pumping blood by allowing more efficient oxygen use. When stress hormones are reduced by slow breathing and by meditation, there is a side effect of lower levels of renin, an enzyme that increases blood pressure. Salt reduction may be useful as a result of some blood pressure incidences being sodium sensitive. Potassium decreases the effects of sodium. Coenzyme 10 dilates blood vessels. Depending on the medication, there is a different mechanism of action, but the purpose of all of them is to control blood pressure.

Q 2

The heart A) has four chambers, which are responsible for pumping blood into the veins for circulation through the body. B) pumps blood first to the lungs where it picks up oxygen and discards carbon dioxide. C) beats about 10,000 times and pumps about 75 gallons of blood per day. D) has specialized cells that generate electrical signals to control the amount of blood that circulates through the body.

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Multiple Choice

After inhaled oxygen reaches the lungs, it travels to the alveoli. Layers of red blood cells surround the alveoli that have a thickness equivalent to that of one cell and that are closely located to each other. Oxygen passes from the alveoli through the cell layers to the capillaries. Carbon dioxide takes the opposite path from oxygen to eventually be exhaled. Hence, the correct answer is(b)pumps blood first to the lungs where it picks up oxygen and discards carbon dioxide. The heart has four chambers-the right and the left atria and the right and the left ventricles. Blood that comes into the heart via the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava enters the atria. From there, it travels through the tricuspid valve(the right side)or the atrioventricular valve(the left side)to the ventricles. Blood, after being in the ventricles, goes into the pulmonary valve(the right side)or the aortic valve(the left side)into the arteries, which transmit blood to all parts of the body. Hence, the option(a)has four chambers, which are responsible for pumping blood into the veins for circulation throughout the body is incorrect. The heart has 103,680 heartbeats per day with 72 beats occurring per minute. The heart pumps about 1,800 gallons per day of blood at a rate of about 1.3 gallons per minute and 2.4 ounces per heart beat. Hence, the option(c)beats about 10,000 times and pumps about 75 gallons of blood per day is incorrect. The branching fibers that comprise the myocardium allow the heart to contract. Each contraction, which is represented as a heartbeat, causes a certain amount of blood(usually two ounces)to be pumped by the heart to eventually enter the circulation. Hence, the option(d)has specialized cells that generate electrical signals to control the amount of blood that circulates through the body is incorrect.

Q 3

Have you had a lipoprotein profile lately? Do you think it's necessary for you to obtain one? If your reading was/is borderline or high, what lifestyle changes can you make to help control your cholesterol level?

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Essay

A lipoprotein profile can help identify the risk for developing cardiovascular disease and pancreatitis, among other diseases, as well as the presence of certain genetic disease. Having a profile done is considered to be particularly important for those who have heart disease or abnormal lipid levels and for those who take cholesterol lowering medication. Cholesterol level can be controlled by losing weight, exercise, and eating foods such as fruits, vegetables, and those containing omega-3 fatty acids.

Q 4

A heart attack A) occurs when the myocardium receives an excessive amount of blood from the coronary arteries. B) is typically suffered by individuals who have irregular episodes of atherosclerosis. C) can be treated successfully up to four hours after the event. D) occurs when the myocardial cells are deprived of oxygencarrying blood, causing them to die.

Multiple Choice

Q 5

Do you have family members who have had cancer? Were these individuals at risk for cancer because of specific environmental factors, such as long-term exposure to tobacco smoke? If no particular cause was identified, what other factors could have triggered their diseases? Are you concerned that you might have inherited a genetic predisposition to any particular type of cancer because of your family history?

Not Answered

There is no answer for this question

Q 6

Which of the following will not protect you from certain types of cancer? A) Increase exposure to UV radiation. B) Avoid people who have had cancer. C) Wear sunscreen with an SPF of less than 15. D) Don't smoke.

Multiple Choice

Q 7

A friend of yours, Karen, discovered a small lump in her breast during a routine self-examination. When she mentions it, you ask if she has seen a doctor. She tells you that she hasn't had time to schedule an appointment; besides, she says, she's not sure it's really the kind of lump one has to worry about. It's clear to you that Karen is in denial and procrastinating about seeing a doctor. What advice would you give her?

Essay

Q 8

Which of the following statements about skin cancer is true ? A) Individuals with a large number of moles are at decreased risk for melanoma. B) The most serious type of skin cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. C) The safest way to get a tan and avoid skin cancer is to use tanning salons and sunlamps instead of sunbathing in direct sunlight. D) Individuals with a history of childhood sunburn are at increased risk for melanoma.

Multiple Choice

Q 9

A woman's risk of developing breast cancer increases if A) she is Caucasian over the age of 40. B) she had her first child when in her teens or 20s. C) her husband's mother had breast cancer. D) she began menstruating when she was 15 or 16.

Multiple Choice

Q 10

Prostate cancer A) occurs mostly among men between the ages of 18 and 35. B) is usually more aggressive in white men. C) has a low survival rate. D) can be detected through a screening test that measures the levels of prostate-specific antigen in the blood.

Multiple Choice

Q 11

You can control all of these cardiometabolic risk factors except A) lipoprotein levels. B) high blood glucose. C) family history. D) overweight.

Multiple Choice

Q 12

Which of the following statements about diabetes mellitus is false ? A) Individuals with type 2 diabetes can often control the disease without taking insulin. B) The incidence of diabetes has decreased in the last decade, especially among African Americans, Native Americans, and Latinos. C) Individuals with diabetes must measure the levels of glucose in their blood to ensure that it does not rise to unsafe levels. D) Untreated or uncontrolled diabetes can lead to coma and eventual death.

Multiple Choice

Q 13

Hypertension A) is diagnosed when blood pressure is consistently lower than 130/85 mm Hg. B) may be treated with dietary changes, which include eating low-fat foods and avoiding sodium. C) can cause fatty deposits to collect on the artery walls. D) usually does not respond to medication, especially in severe cases.

Multiple Choice

Q 14

In your lipoprotein profile, having a high level of this blood element is a good thing. A) HDL cholesterol B) LDL cholesterol C) C-reactive protein D) triglyceride

Multiple Choice

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