Cost Management

Answer:

Equivalent units:
In a manufacturing concern production is a continuous process. But at the end of the accounting period every organization is required to calculate the cost incurred in production but it may cause problem due to the work in progress in the inventory.
Wok-in-progress inventory means that raw material on which process has started but has not been completed yet. Hence, for the sake of calculating cost companies convert the partially completed units into completed units which are known as the equivalent units.
Direct Material:
Direct materials are those raw materials which are used directly in the manufacturing process. These are the key raw material for the final output. Manufacturing process which requires more than one process use calculation of equivalent units.
Direct materials can be added at the beginning of production process or throughout the production process as per the requirement.
Equivalent units when direct materials are added at the beginning of the period:
When equivalent units are added at the beginning of the period, than it is assumed that it will be completed 100% by the end of the period hence, equivalent units will be equal to the units added at the beginning of the period.
When direct material is added throughout the production process than equivalent units will be equal to the completion of conversion cost percentage.

Answer:

Work in progress:
Work in progress in a manufacturing concern refers to the partially finished goods on which work will be completed in the next production period.
Production process is a continuous process and organization require to calculation cost at the end of period to estimate the cost of the product. Because of the continuous production it is necessary that few units are partially completed and will be completed in the next year. These units are known as work in progress.
Units started during the period:
Units started during the period means those units which are started afresh in the current period. i.e. on this units no work is done in the prior period and these are not a part of Work in progress in the beginning of a period.
Units started in a year are calculated as follows:
Putting the values in the formula:

Answer:

Work in progress:
Work in progress in a manufacturing concern refers to the partially finished goods on which work will be completed in the next production period.
Production process is a continuous process and organization require to calculation cost at the end of period to estimate the cost of the product. Because of the continuous production it is necessary that few units are partially completed and will be completed in the next year. These units are known as Work in progress.
Beginning Work in Progress:
Beginning work in progress are units which are incomplete at the beginning of the production period and will be completed in the current period.
Ending Work in Progress:
Ending work in progress are units which are incomplete at the end of the production period and will be completed in the next period.
It is calculated as follows:
Putting the values in the formula