Economics

INFLATION AND INTEREST RATES Using a demand-supply diagram for loanable funds (like Exhibit 10), show what happens to the nominal interest rate and the equilibrium quantity of loans when both borrowers and lenders increase their estimates of the expected inflation rate from 5 percent to 10 percent.

ANTICIPATED VERSUS UNANTICIPATED INFLATION If actual inflation exceeds anticipated inflation, who will lose purchasing power and who will gain?

Inflation Here are some recent data on the U.S. consumer price index: Compute the inflation rate for each year 1993-2009 and determine which years were years of inflation. In which years did deflation occur? In which years did disinflation occur? Was there hyperinflation in any year?

INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF UNEMPLOYMENT How has the U.S. unemployment rate compared with rates in other major economies? Can you offer any reasons why rates on average have differed across major economies during the last three decades?

INFLATION Why do people dislike inflation?

LABOR FORCE Refer to Exhibit 1 in the chapter to determine whether each of the following statements is true or false. a. Some people who are officially unemployed are not in the labor force. b. Some people in the labor force are not working. c. Everyone who is not unemployed is in the labor force. d. Some people who are not working are not unemployed.

INFLATION AND INTEREST RATES Explain as carefully as you can why borrowers would be willing to pay a higher interest rate if they expected the inflation rate to increase in the future.

TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT Determine whether each of the following would be considered frictional, structural, seasonal, or cyclical unemployment: a. A UPS employee who was hired for the Christmas season is laid off after Christmas. b. A worker is laid off due to reduced aggregate demand in the economy. c. A worker in a DVD rental store becomes unemployed as video-on-demand service becomes more popular. d. A new college graduate is looking for employment.

INFLATION AND RELATIVE PRICE CHANGES What does the consumer price index measure? Does the index measure changes in relative prices? Why, or why not?

SOURCES OF INFLATION Using the concepts of aggregate supply and aggregate demand, explain why inflation usually increases during wartime.

Case Study: Hiring Picks Up, But Jobless Rate Rises Imagine that during an expansion the U.S. economy adds 300,000 jobs. In addition, because of the improving economic conditions, the labor force increases by 200,000. Would the unemployment rate go up or down? Reference Case Study: Public Policy "Hiring Picks Up, But Jobless Rate Rises" So reads the headline describing the April 2010 jobs report. In a burst of hiring, the U.S. economy added 290,000 jobs, for what was then the biggest monthly gain in four years. That sure sounds like good news-until you learn that the U.S. unemployment rate climbed too, from 9.7 percent to 9.9 percent. How could that rate rise when the economy was adding so many jobs? Because of a severe recession, the number of unemployed increased by over 8 million between early 2008 and early 2010. But even that total understates the number who wanted jobs. Recall that to be counted as unemployed, those wanting work must have looked for a job in the prior four weeks. With 8 million people looking for work, and with firms more likely to be firing than hiring, the chances of finding a job diminished. In frustration, some gave up their search, and these people are called discouraged workers, a term already introduced. But the U.S. Labor Department identifies a second group of people who wanted a job but did not look for work in the prior four weeks. This group faced transportation problems, family problems, or some other snag that kept them from looking. It wasn't that they were frustrated with their search, they just got sidetracked with some personal issues. Discouraged workers and this group that got sidetracked are considered marginally attached to the labor force. At the beginning of 2010, an estimated 2.4 million people were marginally attached to the labor force. This was 1.1 million more than before the recession began. Thus, when the economy started showing signs of life, as it did in early 2010, some people who had been sidelined for one reason or another took notice and decided to look for work, thus joining or rejoining the labor force. In April 2010 the labor force increased by about 800,000 people from the month earlier. Most of those people didn't find jobs right away, so they swelled the ranks of the unemployed. Even though the economy created 290,000 jobs during the month, that was not enough to offset the spike in the labor force. Thus, we get the seeming paradox of healthy job growth but a rising unemployment rate. The same happened during the recession of 2001; the unemployment rate did not start to decline until two years after the recession ended. That's why the unemployment rate is often considered a lagging indicator of economic activity. Even after the economy starts to recover from a recession, the unemployment rate continues to increase for reasons that are not all bad. Those who want a job are encouraged enough by the uptick in jobs to look for one.

UNEMPLOYMENT IN VARIOUS GROUPS Does the overall unemployment rate offer an accurate picture of the impact of unemployment on each U.S. population group?

INFLATION Why is a relatively constant and predictable inflation rate less harmful to an economy than a rate that fluctuates unpredictably?

MEASURING UNEMPLOYMENT Determine the impact on each of the following if 2 million formerly unemployed workers decide to return to school full time and stop looking for work: a. The labor force participation rate b. The size of the labor force c. The unemployment rate

Login to www.cengagebrain.com and access the Global Economic Watch to do this exercise. Global Economic Watch and Case Study: Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe Go to the Global Economic Crisis Resource Center. Select Global Issues in Context. In the Basic Search box at the top of the page, enter the word "hyperinflation." On the Results page, go to the Magazines Section. Click on the link for the February 2, 2009, article "What Currency Crisis?" At the time of publication of the article, what was the price in Zimbabwean dollars of a loaf of bread? Reference Case Study: Bringing Theory to Life Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe In the troubled nation of Zimbabwe in southern Africa, the Zimbabwean dollar was once worth about 1.59 U.S. dollars. But the collapse of the economy in the early 2000s severely devalued the Zimbabwean dollar. The government tried paying its bills by printing huge amounts of money, and the result was inflation on an epic scale-hyperinflation. Consider this: The price level at the end of 2008 was 150 million times higher than at the beginning of that year. To put that in perspective, with such inflation in the United States, a gallon of gasoline that sold for $2.75 at the beginning of the year would cost $412.5 million by year-end. Jeans that sold for $25 would cost $3.8 billion at year-end. With the value of the Zimbabwean dollar cheapening by the hour, nobody wanted to hold any for long. Those fortunate enough to have jobs in this wreck of an economy wanted to get paid at least daily; they then immediately spent their pay before prices climbed more. With such wild inflation, everyone, including merchants, had trouble keeping up with prices. Different price increases among sellers of the same product encouraged buyers to shop around more. Even though the government was printing money at an astounding rate, the huge spike in prices meant that it took mountains of cash to buy anything, an amount both difficult to round up and onerous to carry. For months, the maximum amount people could withdraw daily from their bank had the purchasing power of one U.S. dollar. Because carrying enough money for even small purchases became physically impossible, currency in Zimbabwe was issued in ever higher denominations, with the highest being a $100 trillion dollar note; that's $100,000,000,000,000. In addition to issuing these higher denominations, three times the central bank issued an entirely new series of notes, each a huge multiple of the previous one, while doing away with the old series. For example, the new Zimbabwean dollar issued in February 2009 exchanged for 1,000,000,000,000 of the dollars it replaced. Larger denominations and new series of notes facilitated transactions but fed inflation, which raged all the more. Many merchants would accept only stable currencies such as the U.S. dollar or the South African rand, and would rather barter than accept Zimbabwean currency. No question, the country had all kinds of other problems, but hyperinflation made everything worse. For example, Zimbabwe's GDP plunged 75 percent between 2006 and 2009, and the unemployment rate reached 90 percent. As a way out of the mess, by mid-2009 the government allowed all transactions to be conducted in foreign currencies, something that was already happening. The local currency, already worthless (a $100 trillion note was worth only U.S. pennies), mostly disappeared. Thus, Zimbabwe is now under what it calls a "multiple currency system" and the country plans to operate that way until at least through 2012. Price inflation grew only five percent in 2009 under the multiple currency system. Although Zimbabwe ended its inflation nightmare, hyperinflation is usually flaring up somewhere in the world, as yet another country looks to print money as a "free lunch" solution to budget problems. For example, inflation in Venezuela reached 30 percent in 2010.

OFFICIAL UNEMPLOYMENT FIGURES Explain why most experts believe that official U.S. data underestimate the actual rate of unemployment. What factors could make the official rate overstate the actual unemployment rate?

Case Study: Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe In countries such as Zimbabwe, which had problems with high inflation, the increased use of another country's currency (such as the U.S. dollar) became common. Why do you suppose this occurred?

SOURCES OF INFLATION What are the two sources of inflation? Illustrate them graphically.

MEASURING UNEMPLOYMENT Suppose that the U.S. noninstitutional adult population is 230 million and the labor force participation rate is 67 percent. a. What would be the size of the U.S. labor force? b. If 85 million adults are not working, what is the unemployment rate?

THE MEANING OF FULL EMPLOYMENT When the economy is at full employment, is the unemployment rate at zero percent? Why or why not? How would a more generous unemployment insurance system affect the full employment figure?