Deck 14: Logistic Regression

Question 1

Myopia (i.e. ,nearsightedness)is a result of environmental and genetic factors.In Singapore,the percent of military personnel having myopia increased dramatically over a 20-year period.Based on this fact,researchers wondered if the effect of the environment might be stronger and the genetic effect much less pronounced than previously thought.To study this issue,data from a random sample of 429 men,ages nineteen to twenty-five,in the Singapore military were obtained.Among other things,the men in the study were classified as to whether or not they had myopia and whether at least one of their parents had myopia.The results are presented in the table below. Let x be the indicator variable We wish to fit a logistic regression model, ,where p is the binomial probability that a man in the Singapore military has myopia and log is the natural logarithm. What is the odds ratio?

A)0.57
B)1.75
C)5.53
D)9.70

Answer 1

1.75

Question 2

Do women and men treat female and male children differently? An observational study was conducted near the primate exhibit at the Sacramento Zoo on weekends in 1988.The data are from 37 groups of three-one adult female,one adult male,and one toddler-in which the toddler was being carried.Recorded in the table below are the gender of the adult who was carrying the toddler and the gender of the toddler: What proportion of the male adults was carrying a girl?

A)0.46
B)0.50
C)0.68
D)0.74

Answer 2

0.68

Question 3

A student survey reveals that only 564 of 1200 students surveyed voted in the past student government elections.What are the log odds that a student voted in the past student elections?

A)-0.120
B)-0.052
C)0.47
D)0.887

Answer 3

-0.120

Question 4

Myopia (i.e. ,nearsightedness)is a result of environmental and genetic factors.In Singapore,the percent of military personnel having myopia increased dramatically over a 20-year period.Based on this fact,researchers wondered if the effect of the environment might be stronger and the genetic effect much less pronounced than previously thought.To study this issue,data from a random sample of 429 men,ages nineteen to twenty-five,in the Singapore military were obtained.Among other things,the men in the study were classified as to whether or not they had myopia and whether at least one of their parents had myopia.The results are presented in the table below. Of those men with myopia,what proportion had at least one parent with myopia?

A)0.410
B)0.590
C)0.881
D)0.907

Question 5

A variable that takes on the values of only 1 and 0 is often called a(n)_________ variable.

A)response
B)indicator
C)explanatory
D)categorical

Question 6

What function can undo the natural log transformation?

A)Multiplicative
B)Square root
C)Exponential
D)None of the above

Question 7

A student survey reveals that only 564 of 1200 students surveyed voted in the past student government elections.After closer inspection,it is discovered that 226 female students voted and 338 male students voted.Of the 1200 students participating in the survey,710 were female and 490 were male.What is the odds ratio of a male student voting in the past student elections to a female student voting in the past student elections?

A)0.21
B)0.94
C)1.06
D)4.76

Question 8

Do women and men treat female and male children differently? An observational study was conducted near the primate exhibit at the Sacramento Zoo on weekends in 1988.The data are from 37 groups of three-one adult female,one adult male,and one toddler-in which the toddler was being carried.Recorded in the table below are the gender of the adult who was carrying the toddler and the gender of the toddler: What are the odds that a female adult was carrying a girl?

A)0.35
B)0.50
C)1.00
D)2.13

Question 9

In logistic regression,the log of the odds is applied to which variable?

A)Response
B)Explanatory
C)Categorical
D)Indicator

Question 10

Which of the following statements about logistic regression is/are TRUE?

A)The variable we are trying to model is categorical and has only two possible values (i.e. ,success or failure).
B)The explanatory variables can be either categorical or quantitative.
C)Logistic regression makes use of the odds of the binomial outcome success, .
D)The statistical model is given by .
E)All of the above are true.

Question 11

Myopia (i.e. ,nearsightedness)is a result of environmental and genetic factors.In Singapore,the percent of military personnel having myopia increased dramatically over a 20-year period.Based on this fact,researchers wondered if the effect of the environment might be stronger and the genetic effect much less pronounced than previously thought.To study this issue,data from a random sample of 429 men,ages nineteen to twenty-five,in the Singapore military were obtained.Among other things,the men in the study were classified as to whether or not they had myopia and whether at least one of their parents had myopia.The results are presented in the table below. What are the odds that a man with at least one parent with myopia also has myopia? (Note: Use three significant digits for the calculation. )

A)0.590
B)0.907
C)1.439
D)9.753

Question 12

In a small college town,many apartments and student houses are claimed to be in good condition by their owners and landlords.A formal inspection of 350 of these student apartments and houses reveals that 212 of them do not pass the regulation guidelines.What are the odds that a student apartment or house does pass the regulation guidelines?

A)0.606
B)0.651
C)1.536
D)1.651

Question 13

Do women and men treat female and male children differently? An observational study was conducted near the primate exhibit at the Sacramento Zoo on weekends in 1988.The data are from 37 groups of three-one adult female,one adult male,and one toddler-in which the toddler was being carried.Recorded in the table below are the gender of the adult who was carrying the toddler and the gender of the toddler: What are the odds that an adult carrying a girl was female?

A)0.35
B)0.50
C)1.00
D)2.13

Question 14

In a simple random sample,320 stay-at-home mothers are interviewed.The questions are all about their hobbies outside of raising their children.The number of mothers in the sample who enjoy scrapbooking in their spare time is 223.What are the odds that a stay-at-home mother enjoys scrapbooking?

A)0.303
B)0.435
C)0.697
D)2.3

Question 15

Babies who are born prematurely are susceptible to the development of a lung condition known as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).A sample of babies who weighed less than 1750 grams at birth,and who required intubation during the first few hours of life,was followed to determine the probability that the child develops BPD later in life.To model the probability that a child develops BPD as a function of the baby's birth weight x,a logistic regression was fitted.The fitted equation was found to be = 4.0343 - 0.0042x. From this equation,what would be the estimated probability that a child who weighed 1100 grams at birth develops BPD?

A)0.009
B)0.557
C)0.499
D)0.358
E)Not within ± 0.01 of any of the above

Question 16

Myopia (i.e. ,nearsightedness)is a result of environmental and genetic factors.In Singapore,the percent of military personnel having myopia increased dramatically over a 20-year period.Based on this fact,researchers wondered if the effect of the environment might be stronger and the genetic effect much less pronounced than previously thought.To study this issue,data from a random sample of 429 men,ages nineteen to twenty-five,in the Singapore military were obtained.Among other things,the men in the study were classified as to whether or not they had myopia and whether at least one of their parents had myopia.The results are presented in the table below. What are the odds that a man with myopia has at least one parent with myopia?

A)0.590
B)0.907
C)1.439
D)9.696

Question 17

What information is needed to compute odds?

A)Sample mean
B)Sample proportion
C)Sample variance
D)Sample median

Question 18

Myopia (i.e. ,nearsightedness)is a result of environmental and genetic factors.In Singapore,the percent of military personnel having myopia increased dramatically over a 20-year period .Based on this fact,researchers wondered if the effect of the environment might be stronger and the genetic effect much less pronounced than previously thought.To study this issue,data from a random sample of 429 men,ages nineteen to twenty-five,in the Singapore military were obtained.Among other things,the men in the study were classified as to whether or not they had myopia and whether at least one of their parents had myopia.The results are presented in the table below. Let x be the indicator variable We wish to fit a logistic regression model, ,where p is the binomial probability that a man in the Singapore military has myopia and log is the natural logarithm. Based on the data in the table,what is the estimate b₀ of $\beta$ ₀?

A)0.561
B)1.711
C)2.272
D)5.536

Question 19

Myopia (i.e. ,nearsightedness)is a result of environmental and genetic factors.In Singapore,the percent of military personnel having myopia increased dramatically over a 20-year period.Based on this fact,researchers wondered if the effect of the environment might be stronger and the genetic effect much less pronounced than previously thought.To study this issue,data from a random sample of 429 men,ages nineteen to twenty-five,in the Singapore military were obtained.Among other things,the men in the study were classified as to whether or not they had myopia and whether at least one of their parents had myopia.The results are presented in the table below. Let x be the indicator variable We wish to fit a logistic regression model, ,where p is the binomial probability that a man in the Singapore military has myopia and log is the natural logarithm. Based on the data in the table,what is the estimate b₁ of $\beta$ ₁?

A)0.561
B)1.711
C)2.272
D)5.536

Question 20

Suppose the odds of being "unfriended" on Facebook by one of your friends is 2 to 3.What is the probability of being unfriended?

A).61
B).39
C)1
D)None of the above

Question 21

In logistic regression with one explanatory variable,what is the P-value when the X² test statistic has a value of 5.35?

A).02
B).98
C)1
D)None of the above

Question 22

Suppose the proportion of students in a simple random sample who own a tablet computer is .80 and the proportion of students that do not own a tablet is .20.What are the odds that a student owns a tablet?

A)4
B).25
C)1
D)None of the above

Question 23

Using logistic regression,you are going to test the null hypothesis against the alternative hypothesis .Suppose b₁ = .8 and the standard error is .2.What is the value of the chi-square test statistic?

A)2
B)4
C)16
D)None of the above

Question 24

In logistic regression with one explanatory variable,what is the value of the X² test statistic when the P-value is .05?

A)0
B).45
C)3.84
D)None of the above

Question 25

Do women and men treat female and male children differently? An observational study was conducted near the primate exhibit at the Sacramento Zoo on weekends in 1988.The data are from 37 groups of three-one adult female,one adult male,and one toddler-in which the toddler was being carried.Recorded in the table below are the gender of the adult who was carrying the toddler and the gender of the toddler: Let x be the indicator variable We wish to fit a logistic regression model, ,where p is the binomial probability that the toddler being carried is a girl and log is the natural logarithm.The following (partial)SPSS output is available. Variables in the Equation Based on the data in the table,what is the estimate b₀ of $\beta$ ₀?

A)0.000
B)0.577
C)0.754
D)1.000

Question 26

A study was undertaken to assess the quality of cheese as determined by a panel of taste testers.The tasters rated samples of cheese as being acceptable or not acceptable.Those same samples of cheese were analyzed with respect to several variables,one of which was the untransformed concentration of lactic acid,designated as Lactic.A logistic regression was fitted relating the log odds that the cheese was acceptable to the explanatory variable Lactic.The following partial computer output is provided. What is the approximate 90% confidence interval estimate for the true slope of the logistic regression model?

A)(0.152,1.014)
B)(1.259,2.821)
C)(-0.222,3.982)
D)(0.230,1.037)
E)This cannot be determined without knowing the degrees of freedom.

Question 27

A study was undertaken to assess the quality of cheese as determined by a panel of taste testers.The tasters rated samples of cheese as being acceptable or not acceptable.Those same samples of cheese were analyzed with respect to several variables,one of which was the untransformed concentration of lactic acid,designated as Lactic.A logistic regression was fitted relating the log odds that the cheese was acceptable to the explanatory variable Lactic.The following partial computer output is provided. What is the meaning of the entry 0.6332 in the above table under Estimate for the variable Lactic?

A)The odds ratio for the acceptability of the cheese is 1.88.
B)A one-unit increase in the variable Lactic results in a change in the odds that the cheese is acceptable by a factor of 0.6332.
C)The odds ratio for the acceptability of the cheese is 0.6332.
D)A one-unit increase in the variable Lactic results in a change in the odds that the cheese is acceptable by a factor of 1.88.
E)Both A and D are correct.

Question 28

What are the degrees of freedom of the test used when analyzing data using multiple logistic regression with three explanatory variables?

A)1
B)1 and 3
C)3
D)None of the above

Question 29

Do women and men treat female and male children differently? An observational study was conducted near the primate exhibit at the Sacramento Zoo on weekends in 1988.The data are from 37 groups of three-one adult female,one adult male,and one toddler-in which the toddler was being carried.Recorded in the table below are the gender of the adult who was carrying the toddler and the gender of the toddler: Let x be the indicator variable We wish to fit a logistic regression model, ,where p is the binomial probability that the toddler being carried is a girl and log is the natural logarithm.The following (partial)SPSS output is available. Variables in the Equation What is a 90% confidence interval for the intercept $\beta$ ₀?

A)0 ± 0.949
B)0 ± 1.131
C)0.754 ± 1.183
D)0.754 ± 1.409

Question 30

What is the null hypothesis being tested when analyzing data using multiple logistic regression with three explanatory variables?

A)
B)
C)
D)None of the above

Question 31

Suppose the odds of there being a major traffic jam on the highway on your way to campus is 5 to 1.What is the probability that there is a traffic jam?

A).83
B).17
C)1
D)None of the above

Question 32

In logistic regression,what statistic is used for statistical inference when you have one explanatory variable?

A)z statistic
B)X²statistic
C)All of the above
D)None of the above

Question 33

What is the distribution of the test statistic when analyzing data using multiple logistic regression with three explanatory variables?

A) $\chi$ ² distribution
B)t distribution
C)Normal distribution
D)F distribution

Question 34

What is the alternative hypothesis being tested when analyzing data using multiple logistic regression with three explanatory variables?

A)
B)
C)
D)None of the above

Question 35

Suppose the proportion of students in a simple random sample who own a tablet computer is .80 and the proportion of students that do not own a tablet is .20.What are the odds that a student does not own a tablet?

A)4
B).25
C)1
D)None of the above

Question 36

In logistic regression,the test statistic used to test the null hypothesis that $\beta$ ₁ = 0 is sometimes called a(n)_______.

A)Wald statistic
B)uniform statistic
C)indicator function
D)None of the above

Question 37

A study was undertaken to assess the quality of cheese as determined by a panel of taste testers.The tasters rated samples of cheese as being acceptable or not acceptable.Those same samples of cheese were analyzed with respect to several variables,one of which was the untransformed concentration of lactic acid,designated as Lactic.A logistic regression was fitted relating the log odds that the cheese was acceptable to the explanatory variable Lactic.The following partial computer output is provided. A sample of cheese was analyzed and the variable Lactic was found to have the value 16.5.At this level of concentration of lactic acid,what are the odds that the cheese will be deemed to be acceptable?

A)2.80
B)-0.332
C)0.717
D)0.633
E)None of the above

Question 38

Do women and men treat female and male children differently? An observational study was conducted near the primate exhibit at the Sacramento Zoo on weekends in 1988.The data are from 37 groups of three-one adult female,one adult male,and one toddler-in which the toddler was being carried.Recorded in the table below are the gender of the adult who was carrying the toddler and the gender of the toddler: Let x be the indicator variable We wish to fit a logistic regression model, ,where p is the binomial probability that the toddler being carried is a girl and log is the natural logarithm.The following (partial)SPSS output is available. Variables in the Equation What is a 95% confidence interval for the odds ratio?

A)(0.323,3.099)
B)(0.387,2.583)
C)(0.519,8.697)
D)(0.651,6.938)

Question 39

Do women and men treat female and male children differently? An observational study was conducted near the primate exhibit at the Sacramento Zoo on weekends in 1988.The data are from 37 groups of three-one adult female,one adult male,and one toddler-in which the toddler was being carried.Recorded in the table below are the gender of the adult who was carrying the toddler and the gender of the toddler: Let x be the indicator variable We wish to fit a logistic regression model, ,where p is the binomial probability that the toddler being carried is a girl and log is the natural logarithm.The following (partial)SPSS output is available. Variables in the Equation What is the value of the X² statistic for testing the hypotheses H₀: $\beta$ ₁ = 0 vs.H_a: $\beta$ ₁ $\neq$ 0?

A)0.295
B)1.00
C)1.049
D)1.100

Question 40

A study was undertaken to assess the quality of cheese as determined by a panel of taste testers.The tasters rated samples of cheese as being acceptable or not acceptable.Those same samples of cheese were analyzed with respect to several variables,one of which was the untransformed concentration of lactic acid,designated as Lactic.A logistic regression was fitted relating the log odds that the cheese was acceptable to the explanatory variable Lactic.The following partial computer output is provided. What is the value of the test statistic and the P-value for the test of the hypotheses H₀: = 0 against H_a: $\neq$ 0?

A)z = -2.71;P-value = 0.0034
B)z = 2.58;P-value = 0.0049
C)z = 2.58;P-value = 0.0098
D)z = -2.71;P-value = 0.0068
E)z = 1.47;P-value = 0.1416

Question 41

In multiple logistic regression,there can be _____ explanatory variable(s).

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)many

Question 42

In logistic regression,there can be _____ explanatory variable(s).

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)many

Question 43

How do men and women compare on a trip to the grocery store? A certain grocery list with a variety of items on it was given to 90 people with a family (who are used to shopping for more than one person).The total bill should be about $250.Each of the 90 people was sent to their grocery store of choice and their bill was categorized as either paying too much or not paying too much (e.g. ,a bill of $250 or less).The results,by gender,are shown below. Let x be the indicator variable We wish to fit a logistic regression model, ,where p is the binomial probability that the person paid too much for the groceries on the list.
The following SPSS output is available.
Variables in the Equation What is the equation of the estimated log odds?

Question 44

In a recent study,over 33,000 women were asked,"Did you have a mammogram within the last 2 years?" Despite the benefits of screening,about 30% of respondents indicated that they had not had a recent mammogram.The dependent/outcome variable was the proportion of women who reported a recent mammogram.In addition,the following information was collected on each individual: age (40-49,50-64,65-74,75-84),race/ethnicity (Latina,Non-Latina African American,Non-Latina Asian/Pacific Islander,Non-Latina White,and Non-Latina other race/ethnicity),marital status (married or living with partner vs.not currently married),history of breast cancer (yes vs.no),self-rated health (excellent,very good,good,fair,poor),currently with health insurance (yes vs.no),and having a usual source of care (yes vs.no).All variables were treated as categorical (e.g. ,coded as 1 or 0 for each category).A multiple logistic regression model was fitted to the data to predict the probability a woman had a recent mammogram.Software output from SAS is shown below. What is the sample proportion of women who did have a mammogram within the last 2 years?

A)0.30
B)0.70
C)0.50
D)1

Question 45

In a recent study,over 33,000 women were asked,"Did you have a mammogram within the last 2 years?" Despite the benefits of screening,about 30% of respondents indicated that they had not had a recent mammogram.The dependent/outcome variable was the proportion of women who reported a recent mammogram.In addition,the following information was collected on each individual: age (40-49,50-64,65-74,75-84),race/ethnicity (Latina,Non-Latina African American,Non-Latina Asian/Pacific Islander,Non-Latina White,and Non-Latina other race/ethnicity),marital status (married or living with partner vs.not currently married),history of breast cancer (yes vs.no),self-rated health (excellent,very good,good,fair,poor),currently with health insurance (yes vs.no),and having a usual source of care (yes vs.no).All variables were treated as categorical (e.g. ,coded as 1 or 0 for each category).A multiple logistic regression model was fitted to the data to predict the probability a woman had a recent mammogram.Software output from SAS is shown below. What is the equation for the estimated odds that a fifty-year-old,single,black woman who has no history of breast cancer and is in good health had a recent mammogram?

A)Log(odds)= 0.28 Age + 0.22 Race + 0 Marital + 0 History + 0.17 Health
B)Log(odds)= -0.55 Age + 0.11 Race + 0.21 Marital + 0.41 History + 0.14 Health
C)Log (odds)= 0 Age + 0 Race + 0 Marital + 0 History + 0.17 Health
D)None of the above

Question 46

In a recent study,over 33,000 women were asked,"Did you have a mammogram within the last 2 years?" Despite the benefits of screening,about 30% of respondents indicated that they had not had a recent mammogram.The dependent/outcome variable was the proportion of women who reported a recent mammogram.In addition,the following information was collected on each individual: age (40-49,50-64,65-74,75-84),race/ethnicity (Latina,Non-Latina African American,Non-Latina Asian/Pacific Islander,Non-Latina White,and Non-Latina other race/ethnicity),marital status (married or living with partner vs.not currently married),history of breast cancer (yes vs.no),self-rated health (excellent,very good,good,fair,poor),currently with health insurance (yes vs.no),and having a usual source of care (yes vs.no).All variables were treated as categorical (e.g. ,coded as 1 or 0 for each category).A multiple logistic regression model was fitted to the data to predict the probability a woman had a recent mammogram.Software output from SAS is shown below. What is the equation for the estimated odds that a forty-year-old,married,Latina woman who has a history of breast cancer and is in excellent health had a recent mammogram?

A)Log(odds)= 0.28 Age + 0.22 Race + 0 Marital + 0 History + 0.17 Health
B)Log(odds)= -0.55 Age + 0.11 Race + 0.21 Marital + 0.41 History + 0.14 Health
C)Log (odds)= 0 Age + 0 Race + 0 Marital + 0 History + 0.17 Health
D)None of the above

Question 47

In a recent study,over 33,000 women were asked,"Did you have a mammogram within the last 2 years?" Despite the benefits of screening,about 30% of respondents indicated that they had not had a recent mammogram.The dependent/outcome variable was the proportion of women who reported a recent mammogram.In addition,the following information was collected on each individual: age (40-49,50-64,65-74,75-84),race/ethnicity (Latina,Non-Latina African American,Non-Latina Asian/Pacific Islander,Non-Latina White,and Non-Latina other race/ethnicity),marital status (married or living with partner vs.not currently married),history of breast cancer (yes vs.no),self-rated health (excellent,very good,good,fair,poor),currently with health insurance (yes vs.no),and having a usual source of care (yes vs.no).All variables were treated as categorical (e.g. ,coded as 1 or 0 for each category).A multiple logistic regression model was fitted to the data to predict the probability a woman had a recent mammogram.Software output from SAS is shown below. Is age a significant predictor of having had a recent mammogram? (Assume $\alpha$ = 0.05. )

A)Yes
B)No

Question 48

In multiple logistic regression,the response variable takes on _____ possible value(s).

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)many

Question 49

In a recent study,over 33,000 women were asked,"Did you have a mammogram within the last 2 years?" Despite the benefits of screening,about 30% of respondents indicated that they had not had a recent mammogram.The dependent/outcome variable was the proportion of women who reported a recent mammogram.In addition,the following information was collected on each individual: age (40-49,50-64,65-74,75-84),race/ethnicity (Latina,Non-Latina African American,Non-Latina Asian/Pacific Islander,Non-Latina White,and Non-Latina other race/ethnicity),marital status (married or living with partner vs.not currently married),history of breast cancer (yes vs.no),self-rated health (excellent,very good,good,fair,poor),currently with health insurance (yes vs.no),and having a usual source of care (yes vs.no).All variables were treated as categorical (e.g. ,coded as 1 or 0 for each category).A multiple logistic regression model was fitted to the data to predict the probability a woman had a recent mammogram.Software output from SAS is shown below. What category of general health is a significant predictor of having had a recent mammogram? (Assume $\alpha$ = 0.05. )

A)Excellent
B)Very good
C)Good
D)None of the above

Question 50

In a recent study,over 33,000 women were asked,"Did you have a mammogram within the last 2 years?" Despite the benefits of screening,about 30% of respondents indicated that they had not had a recent mammogram.The dependent/outcome variable was the proportion of women who reported a recent mammogram.In addition,the following information was collected on each individual: age (40-49,50-64,65-74,75-84),race/ethnicity (Latina,Non-Latina African American,Non-Latina Asian/Pacific Islander,Non-Latina White,and Non-Latina other race/ethnicity),marital status (married or living with partner vs.not currently married),history of breast cancer (yes vs.no),self-rated health (excellent,very good,good,fair,poor),currently with health insurance (yes vs.no),and having a usual source of care (yes vs.no).All variables were treated as categorical (e.g. ,coded as 1 or 0 for each category).A multiple logistic regression model was fitted to the data to predict the probability a woman had a recent mammogram.Software output from SAS is shown below. What is the sample proportion of women who did not have a mammogram within the last 2 years?

A)0.30
B)0.70
C)0.50
D)1

Question 51

In a recent study,over 33,000 women were asked,"Did you have a mammogram within the last 2 years?" Despite the benefits of screening,about 30% of respondents indicated that they had not had a recent mammogram.The dependent/outcome variable was the proportion of women who reported a recent mammogram.In addition,the following information was collected on each individual: age (40-49,50-64,65-74,75-84),race/ethnicity (Latina,Non-Latina African American,Non-Latina Asian/Pacific Islander,Non-Latina White,and Non-Latina other race/ethnicity),marital status (married or living with partner vs.not currently married),history of breast cancer (yes vs.no),self-rated health (excellent,very good,good,fair,poor),currently with health insurance (yes vs.no),and having a usual source of care (yes vs.no).All variables were treated as categorical (e.g. ,coded as 1 or 0 for each category).A multiple logistic regression model was fitted to the data to predict the probability a woman had a recent mammogram.Software output from SAS is shown below. What are the odds that a woman did have a mammogram within the last 2 years?

A)2.33
B)0.428
C)0.3
D)0.7

Question 52

In a recent study,over 33,000 women were asked,"Did you have a mammogram within the last 2 years?" Despite the benefits of screening,about 30% of respondents indicated that they had not had a recent mammogram.The dependent/outcome variable was the proportion of women who reported a recent mammogram.In addition,the following information was collected on each individual: age (40-49,50-64,65-74,75-84),race/ethnicity (Latina,Non-Latina African American,Non-Latina Asian/Pacific Islander,Non-Latina White,and Non-Latina other race/ethnicity),marital status (married or living with partner vs.not currently married),history of breast cancer (yes vs.no),self-rated health (excellent,very good,good,fair,poor),currently with health insurance (yes vs.no),and having a usual source of care (yes vs.no).All variables were treated as categorical (e.g. ,coded as 1 or 0 for each category).A multiple logistic regression model was fitted to the data to predict the probability a woman had a recent mammogram.Software output from SAS is shown below. What are the odds that a woman did not have a mammogram within the last 2 years?

A)2.33
B)0.428
C)0.3
D)0.7

Question 53

Logistic regression is based on ________.

A)variances
B)proportions
C)odds
D)None of the above