Deck 8: Seciton 3: Early Childhood: Biosocial Development

Question 1

Over the past three decades in Brazil, what has been the trend in children's health and body growth?

A) Children have gone from suffering malnutrition to being healthy.
B) Children have become more impoverished, leading to malnutrition.
C) Children have become less impoverished, which has led to malnutrition.
D) Children no longer suffer from undernutrition, but now face overnutrition.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A child's passion for continuity and sameness is normal at about _____ year(s) of age.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 7

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Leisha grew 4.5 inches and gained 3 pounds last year. About how many years old is Leisha likely to be?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 7
D) 11

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Today's children could become the first generation in more than 100 years to have a shorter lifespan than their parents as a result of _____.

A) their propensity to overeat and underexercise
B) an increase in the number of accidents involving teenagers
C) new, deadly diseases for which there are no cures
D) a lack of access to quality medical care

Question 5

The average 6-year-old child from a developed nation weighs _____ pounds.

A) 20 to 30
B) 30 to 40
C) 40 to 50
D) 50 to 60

Question 6

Nathan is Canadian, and he weighs 55 pounds. About how many years old is he likely to be?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Question 7

A person's average body mass index (BMI) is the lowest at the ages of _____.

A) 1 to 2
B) 5 to 6
C) 9 to 10
D) 13 to 14

Question 8

A child's appetite _____ between the ages of 2 and 6.

A) increases slightly
B) increases dramatically
C) stays the same
D) decreases

Question 9

A common food allergy for young children is _____.

A) soy
B) rice
C) oats
D) bananas

Question 10

Which of these 4-year-old children is MOST likely to be taken to the dentist?

A) Annie, whose parents are very poor
B) Tuan, whose parents are Somalian refugees
C) Jessie, whose parents are both 21 years old
D) Hailey, whose parents are middle class

Question 11

To ensure adequate nutrition and vitamin intake, what is recommended?

A) Eat six to eight times a day.
B) Take vitamin and mineral supplements.
C) Eat breakfast cereals that contain 100 percent of the day's nutrients and vitamins.
D) Eat well-balanced meals with a variety of foods.

Question 12

What proportion of all children under the age of 6 in the United States suffer from tooth decay?

A) 1/8
B) 1/4
C) 1/3
D) 1/2

Question 13

One of the most common diseases of young children in developed nations is _____.

A) anemia
B) lead poisoning
C) insomnia
D) tooth decay

Question 14

Parents of a typical 5-year-old girl in America are MOST likely to say _____.

A) "She isn't eating enough"
B) "She eats too much"
C) "She has no control over her appetite"
D) "She is suffering from malnutrition"

Question 15

Which statement about oral health is true?

A) It is not necessary to brush until children start to lose their baby teeth.
B) Almost all young children in the United States have been to the dentist.
C) Diet soda is a good option to help prevent tooth decay in children.
D) It is vital for children in early childhood to brush their teeth every day.

Question 16

In developed nations, which nutrients are MOST apt to be lacking in a child's diet?

A) calcium, iron, and zinc
B) B vitamins
C) magnesium, vitamin A, and vitamin D
D) vitamin C and vitamin E

Question 17

Lucille is a 4-year-old who has never visited a dentist, even though her family has dental insurance that allows for free regular check ups. Her parents say that they will start taking her to the dentist when her first permanent tooth erupts. What should her parents know about the advisability of delaying dental care?

A) Untreated decay in "baby" teeth can harm permanent teeth.
B) There is no medical need to visit a dentist before permanent teeth emerge.
C) Visiting the dentist at a young age will cause the child to fear the dentist.
D) Children do not need to brush their baby teeth but they should visit the dentist to get fluoride treatments.

Question 18

Kindra, age 4, is very particular about her daily routines, especially at mealtime. She will only eat from a certain plate, drink from one certain cup, and must have a folded napkin next to her plate. She is exhibiting the phenomenon called _____.

A) all's well
B) just right
C) bipolar disorder
D) depression

Question 19

Jodee, age 3, insists on having all of the different foods on her plate separated. If the vegetables touch the meat, she insists on a new plate. Jodee's parents are concerned about this behavior. What advice would you offer them?

A) Jodee is showing signs of obsessive-compulsive disorder and needs to see a child psychiatrist as soon as possible.
B) Don't worry; Jodee will grow out of this "just-right" stage around the age of 6.
C) Use positive reinforcement to teach Jodee that it's okay if her foods touch each other.
D) Punish Jodee by taking her food away from her when she refuses to eat.

Question 20

Between the ages of 2 and 6, a well-nourished child will gain about _____ pounds and grow about _____ inches per year.

A) 5; 6
B) 2; 3
C) 4.5; 3
D) 5.5; 4.5

Question 21

Elise is beginning to learn how to write. She can hold a pencil in one hand and steady the paper with her other hand. This new ability to coordinate the duties of her right and left hands is likely due to _____.

A) the growth of her corpus callosum
B) her arms and legs growing longer
C) her brain's lateralization
D) adequate calcium in her diet

Question 22

A disorder that research has suggested may result from abnormal development of the corpus callosum is _____.

A) hearing impairment
B) nearsightedness
C) extreme impulsivity
D) autism

Question 23

An imbalance between the left and right sides of the prefrontal cortex and abnormal growth of the corpus callosum seem to underlie _____.

A) hearing impairment
B) nearsightedness
C) extreme impulsivity
D) ADHD

Question 24

The ability to generate several thoughts in rapid succession is most specifically related to _____.

A) eating healthy foods
B) myelination
C) frontal cortex maturation
D) development of new axons

Question 25

Kirsten, a 4-year-old, is playing with her building blocks. Her mother announces that they have to leave to pick up Kirsten's sister. Kirsten launches into a tantrum. What is the best explanation for Kirsten's reaction?

A) Kirsten is perseverating on the building blocks.
B) Kirsten is spoiled.
C) Kirsten's mother should have given a warning.
D) Four-year-olds throw many tantrums.

Question 26

According to your text, some researchers believe autism may be due to _____.

A) rigid myelination
B) abnormal development of the corpus callosum
C) lesions in the prefrontal cortex
D) incomplete axon cords

Question 27

Regis, a 6-year-old, can correctly name objects, catch a ball and throw it, and write his ABCs in proper sequence. His younger brother Mark is much less speedy and skillful in all of these areas. What is the best explanation for Regis's superior performance?

A) Regis most likely eats healthier foods than Mark.
B) Regis's brain has experienced greater myelination than Mark's.
C) Regis's frontal cortex is less mature than Mark's.
D) Regis has fewer dendrites than Mark.

Question 28

Megyn is a 3-year-old who is working on a craft project at preschool. She has to be repeatedly reminded to sit still, to continue working on the craft, and to stop interfering with her classmate's work. What is the most likely explanation for Megyn's behavior?

A) She is not artistically inclined.
B) She is displaying normal lack of impulse control.
C) She is not yet mature enough to be in preschool.
D) She has ADHD.

Question 29

Sylvia wants to keep her son from getting cavities, so she lets him drink diet soda instead of regular soda. Her dentist tells her that her strategy won't work because diet soda _____.

A) also contains sugar
B) has as much acid as regular soda
C) contains the calcium needed for strong teeth
D) will keep the fluoride in drinking water from being ingested

Question 30

Kayla is 4 years old and has recently begun coordinating the two sides of her body more efficiently. This improvement can be attributed to _____.

A) the growth of her corpus callosum
B) her arms and legs growing longer
C) her brain's lateralization
D) adequate calcium in her diet

Question 31

Myelination is important because it _____.

A) connects the two halves of the brain
B) compensates for loss of brain function due to injury
C) promotes regular childhood sleep patterns
D) speeds up the transmission of neural impulses

Question 32

Which of the following is most likely the difference between the brain of Tarik, a 2-year-old, and Jim, his father?

A) Tarik's brain is about 60% of the size of Jim's.
B) Jim's brain has more activity in the angular gyrus than Tarik's.
C) Tarik's brain is the same weight at Jim's.
D) Jim's brain is less lateralized than Tarik's.

Question 33

The process through which axons become coated with a fatty substance that speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses is called _____.

A) myelination
B) action potential
C) transmission
D) mylarization

Question 34

The part of the brain where planning, language, and advanced thought occur is the _____.

A) hippocampus
B) amygdala
C) brain's hemispheres
D) hypothalamus

Question 35

Researchers had children sort picture cards by shape. Then they asked the same children to sort the same cards by color. They found that children under the age of 4 _____.

A) could easily switch their original sorting pattern
B) could switch to sorting by shape but not by color
C) could switch to sorting by color but not by shape
D) had difficulty changing to a new sorting pattern

Question 36

JongHyun is able to play "Go Fish," a card game that requires quick thinking. What brain change most directly supports his ability to think quickly?

A) hypothalamic functioning
B) myelination
C) frontal cortex maturation
D) development of new axons

Question 37

During a long car trip, Anna and Robert asked "Are we there yet?" so many times that their mother began covering her ears. Her children were exhibiting _____.

A) impulsiveness
B) emotional regulation
C) perseveration
D) habituation

Question 38

A 2-year-old human's brain is _____ percent of the adult brain's weight.

A) 55
B) 65
C) 75
D) 80

Question 39

The long band of nerve fibers that connects the brain's hemispheres is _____.

A) myelination
B) the corpus callosum
C) the prefrontal cortex
D) the axon cord

Question 40

The ability to play Simon Says successfully appears to be directly related to the development of the _____ cortex.

A) parietal
B) prefrontal
C) striate
D) posterior

Question 41

The amygdala is a brain structure that registers _____.

A) body temperature
B) emotions
C) speech perception
D) memories

Question 42

All of the following are potential effects of too much cortisol early in life EXCEPT _____.

A) permanent deficits in learning and health
B) increased risk of major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder
C) increased risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
D) permanent increases in metabolic rate

Question 43

About 10 percent of adults in Great Britain and the United States are _____.

A) left-handed
B) right-handed
C) left hemisphere dominant
D) right hemisphere dominant

Question 44

As an adult, Ken has a panic attack whenever he must ride in an elevator. He has absolutely no recollection of ever having had a bad experience in an elevator. According to the text, it is possible that his panic reaction is due to _____.

A) natural fears of elevators that everyone shares
B) deep emotional memories from early childhood
C) Ken's general fearfulness
D) a recent misadventure in an elevator that Ken has repressed

Question 45

The specialization of the functioning of the two halves of the brain is called _____.

A) lateralization
B) linearization
C) equalization
D) disequilibrium

Question 46

The area of the brain that is crucial in expressing and regulating emotions is the _____.

A) limbic system
B) prefrontal cortex
C) fusiform face area
D) corpus callosum

Question 47

Ryan suffered a brain injury as a result of an automobile accident. His abilities to speak and to process language were severely affected. His injury was to the _____.

A) right side of his brain
B) left side of his brain
C) corpus collosum
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 48

The increased activity of the amygdala is a reason that young children experience _____.

A) a language explosion
B) the ability to write
C) frightening nightmares
D) an increased susceptibility to disease

Question 49

Moderate levels of stress, such as meeting new friends, have been shown to _____.

A) be harmful for most children's development
B) be beneficial for most children's development
C) be beneficial, as long as supportive moderators are available
D) be harmful when supportive moderators are not available

Question 50

The rates of left-handedness in the United States and Great Britain have ____ since 1900.

A) increased
B) decreased
C) remained the same
D) become equal to rates of right-handedness

Question 51

Romanian children raised in orphanages demonstrated _____when shown pictures of emotional faces.

A) more reactivity in their limbic system
B) less reactivity in their limbic system
C) more variation in response
D) less variation in response

Question 52

The left side of the brain notices _____, while the right side grasps _____.

A) the big picture; the details
B) the details; emotions
C) emotions; language
D) creative impulses; detailed analysis

Question 53

Which statement about left-handed people is TRUE?

A) Myelination takes longer for them than it does for right-handed people.
B) They are less likely to succeed in sports.
C) Their corpus callosa tend to be thicker than those of right-handed people.
D) The language areas of their brains are on the right side of the brain.

Question 54

Today, about _____ percent of people in Great Britain and the United States are left-handed.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 20
D) 50

Question 55

Studies of IQ testing among Romanian orphaned children reveal that there is a sensitive period for brain growth between ____ years of age.

A) birth and 2
B) 2 and 4
C) 4 and 6
D) 6 and 8

Question 56

All of the following are reasons why parents should not try to change their child's handedness, EXCEPT _____.

A) it causes conflict between the child and the adults who are trying to implement the change
B) it may create confusion in the brain
C) left-handedness may be beneficial in some professions
D) it may create jealousy in siblings who do not need to change their handedness

Question 57

Nicoli suffered a stroke in the left hemisphere of his brain. Which of the following skills is most likely to have been affected?

A) speech
B) face recognition
C) emotion processing
D) location in space

Question 58

Stress can lead to weight gain since having too much cortisol in one's bloodstream has been associated with increased abdominal fat. Cortisol is the hormone released by the _____ when a person is stressed.

A) hippocampus
B) hypothalamus
C) amygdala
D) thyroid

Question 59

Because the amygdala responds to comfort but not logic, which of the following is the best strategy for a parent to adopt when their preschooler has had a scary dream?

A) Tell the child that it was only a dream, and to go back to sleep.
B) Explain to the child that dreams are only imaginary, and so their dreams can't hurt them.
C) Ask them what was scary about the dream, and then convincingly pretend to scare off that content.
D) Laugh at the scary content, and remind the child that it's not real.

Question 60

The hippocampus is a structure in the brain that processes _____.

A) language
B) coordination
C) memories
D) emotions

Question 61

In the past 20 years, the incidence of plumbism has declined due to _____.

A) an increase in the amount of calcium in children's vitamins
B) improved sensitivity in the blood tests used for diagnosis
C) children having better nutrition at an earlier age
D) the removal of lead from paint and gasoline

Question 62

Which of the following children is likely to be the first in their class to learn to write their name?

A) Bai, a 3-year-old Chinese-American girl
B) Todd, a 3-year-old Caucasian-American boy
C) Park, a 4-year-old Chinese-American boy
D) Jeremy, a 4-year-old Caucasian-American boy

Question 63

Age 40 is notable because it is the first age at which _____.

A) any specific disease overtakes accidents as a cause for human mortality
B) lateralization is complete
C) the frontal lobe fully matures
D) the limbic system begins to override the cortex

Question 64

Many researchers believe that a preschooler with plumbism is prone to _____.

A) having a higher IQ as an adult
B) becoming obese
C) committing violent acts as a teenager
D) having an infant born with brain as an adult

Question 65

Kailonte is a child who lives in Western Canada. He was part of a 2010 study on the impact of air pollution on the developing brains of children. The study found that _____ was/were NOT harmful for children to breathe.

A) wood smoke
B) car exhaust fumes
C) carbon monoxide
D) bus exhaust fumes

Question 66

If the 2010 study of children in Western Canada is accurate, parents need to worry more about their children's exposure to _____ than their exposure to _____.

A) wood smoke; car exhaust
B) car exhaust; wood smoke
C) wood smoke; carbon monoxide
D) carbon monoxide; bus exhaust

Question 67

An activity that requires fine motor skills is _____.

A) buttoning a coat
B) kicking a ball
C) climbing a tree
D) playing tag

Question 68

Writing your name is a _____, whereas kicking a ball is a(n) _____.

A) sensorimotor skill; preoperational skill
B) physical skill; cognitive skill
C) coordination skill; inter-coordination skill
D) fine motor skill; gross motor skill

Question 69

Gross motor skills such as riding a tricycle are acquired _____.

A) through practice only
B) due to brain maturation only
C) through brain maturation and practice
D) only if the parents teach the skills

Question 70

Preschoolers often have trouble tying their shoelaces because they have inadequate _____.

A) finger strength
B) fine motor skills
C) coordination and balance
D) gross motor skills

Question 71

Preschoolers use extra thick crayons and pencils to help compensate for their developing _____.

A) fine motor skills
B) gross motor skills
C) lateralization
D) limbic system

Question 72

Why are children drawn toward eating lead-based paint chips?

A) The children are hungry.
B) The paint chips taste sweet.
C) Children like paint chips of all types.
D) Children often have a lead deficiency.

Question 73

Fine motor skills depend heavily on the maturation of the _____.

A) corpus callosum
B) amygdala
C) hippocampus
D) hypothalamus

Question 74

Younger children tend to be better at playing kickball than they are at playing baseball. That's because all aspects of kickball rely more heavily on _____.

A) fine motor skills
B) gross motor skills
C) lateralization
D) limbic system development

Question 75

Which environmental substance has been shown to reduce intelligence and increase behavior problems in young children?

A) PVC
B) lead
C) latex paint
D) asbestos

Question 76

What is one implication of urbanization for gross motor skill development?

A) Crowded cities prevent children from practicing their gross motor skills.
B) Cities provide increased opportunity to practice gross motor skills.
C) Urban children benefit from gross motor skill practice with adult role models.
D) Gross motor skills are naturally improved by urban living.

Question 77

Marilynn is ready to learn how to play catch. Which of the following is the model from whom Marilynn would learn best?

A) her mother
B) her father
C) her friend
D) her teacher

Question 78

An example of a fine motor skill is _____.

A) using scissors to cut paper
B) swimming across a pool
C) roller-skating around the block
D) playing catch with a football

Question 79

At what age does any specific disease overtake accidents as a cause for human mortality?

A) 20
B) 40
C) 50
D) 60

Question 80

An example of a gross motor skill is _____.

A) painting a picture
B) dialing a phone
C) picking up a bug
D) hopping on one foot