Deck 1: Introduction to Perception

Question 1

 The image projected on the retina is best described as a(n) ______ of the actual stimulus.

A) representation
B) environmental stimulus
C) replication
D) scale model

Answer 1

A

Question 2

 The process of transforming energy in the environment into electrical energy in the neurons is called _____.

A) refraction
B) transduction 
C) reduction
D) Construction

Answer 2

B

Question 3

 Cognitive influences affect _____ level of analysis.

A) only the physiological
B) only the psychophysical
C) both the physiological and psychophysical
D) neither the physiological nor psychophysical

Answer 3

C

Question 4

 Which statement best describes the steps of the perceptual process

A) The steps are unidirectional, starting at the environmental stimulus and ending at perception.
B) The steps are unidirectional, starting at the environmental stimulus and ending at knowledge.
C) The steps are unidirectional, starting at transduction and ending at recognition.
D) The sequence of steps is dynamic and constantly changing.

Question 5

 Trying to read a note written by someone with poor handwriting involves _____.

A) only top-down processing
B) only bottom-up processing
C) both top-down and bottom-up processing
D) only data-based processing

Question 6

 Which brain structure is responsible for creating perceptions and producing other "high" level functions such as language, memory, and thinking

A) brain stem
B) cerebral cortex
C) hypothalamus
D) occipital lobe

Question 7

 If a person sees the unambiguous "rat" stimulus, and then views the ambiguous "rat-man" figure, the person will most likely report seeing _____.

A) a rat, because of the effect of knowledge
B) a man, because we tend to see things that match our species
C) a rat, because of the effect of action
D) a rat or a man equally

Question 8

 Steven's auditory receptors were damaged failing to use hearing protection when working in a loud environment. As a result, we can expect that _____.

A) the areas of his brain associated with auditory perception will have diminished considerably in size
B) he is almost certainly permanently and completely disabled and likely to require assistance to live independently
C) he will be unable to work without special support, such as the use of hearing aids
D) his auditory experiences will differ from those of an individual whose receptors have not been damaged

Question 9

 Visual form agnosia is a problem of the _____ step of the perceptual process.

A) action
B) attention
C) transduction
D) recognition

Question 10

 Kimmy is casting shadows on the wall and watching whether her cat Tiger jumps at the shadows or not. She uses different hand motions to see if there is a difference in whether Tiger jumps or not. Kimmy is informally studying which relationship

A) the stimulus-physiology relationship
B) the physiology-perception relationship
C) the stimulus-perception relationship
D) the perception-behavior relationship

Question 11

 The only way to see, hear, taste, smell, and feel what you want to experience is by _____.

A) identifying stimulus inputs
B) discriminating among similar stimuli
C) developing necessary cognitive constructs
D) activating sensory receptors

Question 12

 The psychophysical method in which stimuli of varying intensities are presented in ascending and descending orders in discrete steps is called the method of _____.

A) limits
B) constant stimuli
C) searching
D) scaling

Question 13

 The specific term for the "stimulus on the receptors" in visual processing is the _____.

A) transduced image
B) environmental stimulus
C) visual image
D) perception

Question 14

 Justin forgot to wear his glasses to class so the writing he sees on the chalk board is blurry. Even so, he is sure it says "Pop Quiz!" because he knows that there are pop quizzes in the class and he can read the "P" and the "Q". What allows him to read the board

A) bottom-up processing
B) oblique processing
C) top-down processing
D) compression

Question 15

 Because perception is something you experience _____, knowing about how it works is interesting in its own right.

A) Intermittently
B) when necessary
C) when important
D) constantly

Question 16

 Which of the following is the first category of the stages in the perceptual process

A) stimuli
B) neural Processing
C) serendipity
D) behavioral responses

Question 17

 ______ is the step in the perceptual process that is analogous to what happens during an ATM withdrawal, when pressure from button press becomes electrical energy, and then becomes a mechanical response resulting in the dispensing of money.

A) Knowledge
B) Transference
C) Action
D) Transduction

Question 18

 _____ processing is based on the stimuli reaching the receptors.

A) Bottom-up
B) Oblique
C) Top-down
D) Receptor

Question 19

 "Perceiving machines" that can negotiate the environment with humanlike ease _____.

A) were developed by computer scientists in the 1960s
B) were developed by computer scientists in the 1970s
C) were developed by computer scientists in the 1990s
D) have yet to be developed

Question 20

 The physiological level of analysis involves the relationship between _____.

A) stimulus-and-physiology only
B) physiology-and-perception only
C) stimulus-and-perception only
D) both stimulus-and-physiology and physiology-and-perception

Question 21

 Based on the dark adaptation curve, you would expect the absolute threshold to _____ as time in a darkened room increases.

A) get larger
B) remain unchanged
C) get smaller
D) vary unpredictably

Question 22

 One of the important limitations of the knowledge derived from determining thresholds is that _____.

A) perception includes far more than just what happens at the threshold
B) the methods are based fundamentally on introspection
C) the outcomes are of extremely limited reliability
D) generalization from the laboratory to real life is not possible

Question 23

 Classical psychophysical methods opened the way for the founding of scientific psychology by providing methods to measure _____.

A) an aspect of the mind
B) neurological activation
C) response bias
D) multicultural effects

Question 24

 Ilsa recently had a stroke that has damaged her ability to name objects. Her neurologist shows Ilsa a pen and asks her to name what it is. This is best described as a test of _____.

A) recognition
B) Magnitude
C) reaction time
D) description

Question 25

 When using the method of limits, the absolute threshold is determined by calculating _____.

A) the stimulus intensity detected 66% of the time
B) the stimulus intensity detected 75% of the time
C) the stimulus intensity detected 100% of the time
D) the average of the "cross-over" values

Question 26

 Michaela lives near the railroad tracks and often hears the loud bangs associated with cars being added to trains. When a friend of hers is visiting, the friend becomes alarmed at the sounds, wondering what they are but Michaela is able to reassure her friend that it is a normal train-related sound. Michaela's _____ skills, at least in this situation, are superior to her friend's.

A) recognition
B) detection
C) search
D) adjustment

Question 27

 As a part of the interview process for his dream job - quality control at a small, luxury chocolate manufacturer - Tony is asked to taste small pieces of chocolate and then describe what he tastes. Tony is most likely being asked to provide a(n) _____.

A) phenomenological report
B) magnitude estimation
C) adaptation curve
D) absolute thresholds

Question 28

 Tina is a medical laboratory worker who is being trained to read the results of certain laboratory tests. In this phase of her training, she looks at prepared slides and then writes a summary of what she sees. This task is best described as a(n) _____ task.

A) recognition
B) magnitude
C) reaction time
D) description

Question 29

 Which methods are used to measure the quantitative relationship between the stimulus and perception

A) description
B) the phenomenological methods
C) reflection
D) classical psychophysical methods

Question 30

 The question "What do you see
Is asking about _____.

A) sensation
B) discrimination
C) recognition
D) perception

Question 31

 Nelia is riding in a car and notices that stationary objects closer to her move faster than stationary objects that are further. Nelia is using the _____ technique regarding perception of a stimulus.

A) detection
B) search
C) phenomenological 
D) magnitude estimation

Question 32

 The first step in the procedure for _____ is to present the participant a "standard stimulus" and assign a numerical value to that stimulus.

A) Recognition
B) Description
C) phenomenological method
D) magnitude estimation

Question 33

 The question "What is it
Is asking about _____.

A) sensation
B) discrimination
C) recognition
D) perception

Question 34

 Fechner's psychophysical methods _____.

A) are important from a historical perspective only
B) were developed in the early 1960s
C) showed that mental activity cannot be measured quantitatively
D) are currently used to test a person's hearing and vision

Question 35

 The method of magnitude estimation yields a measure of _____ magnitude.

A) objective
B) perceived
C) difference
D) absolute

Question 36

 The method of limits takes into account the variability of human perception by_____.

A) consistently presenting subliminal stimuli to avoid bias
B) using deception to hide the true purpose
C) averaging the results of a number of trials
D) measuring brain activity concurrently

Question 37

 The game "Whack-a-Mole," in which the player must "whack" randomly appearing moles with a hammer as quickly as possible when they peek their heads out, is best described as a _____ task.

A) recognition
B) magnitude
C) reaction time
D) Description

Question 38

 The smallest difference between two stimuli that enables us to tell the difference between them is called the _____.

A) necessary difference
B) difference threshold
C) discriminant equation
D) determinant level

Question 39

 Fechner's and Weber's methods not only made it possible to measure the ability to detect stimuli, but also made it possible to _____.

A) determine mechanisms responsible for experiences
B) identify the subconscious rationales for the responses
C) provide scientific justification for introspection
D) localize brain lesions responsible for poor performance

Question 40

 Abdel works for a company that designs adapted products to help people who have trouble grasping items. Today he is meeting with children who have difficulty grasping as a result of traumatic brain injury and has provided them with a supply of crayons that have been adapted in various ways. Abdel watches as the children color with the crayons. Which question is he most likely asking

A) How quickly do the children react to the crayons?
B) How do the children interact with the crayons?
C) How do the children describe the crayons?
D) Can the children identify the crayons?

Question 41

 What is meant by the absolute threshold
What about the difference threshold

Question 42

 Name and provide examples of the three relationships used to study perceptual processes.

Question 43

 Describe the method of limits and how it is used.

Question 44

 According to Ludy Benjamin, if changes in physical stimuli always resulted in similar changes in perception of those stimuli, _____.

A) the world would be unbearably complex
B) remediation of sensory deficits would be impossible
C) there would be no need for psychology
D) the neurophysiology of perception would be clear

Question 45

 Name the five questions about the perceptual world outlined in the text and provide an example for each.

Question 46

Define "top-down" and "bottom-up" processing.
(b) Discuss how the "rat-man" demonstration is used to exemplify the distinction between these two types of processing.

Question 47

 Discuss the difference between sensation and perception.

Question 48

 Why is the difference between physical and perceptual important

Question 49

 The _____ spectrum is a band of energy ranging from gamma rays at the short-wave end of the spectrum to AM radio and AC circuits at the long-wave end.

A) light
B) sound
C) electromagnetic
D) perceptual

Question 50

 List seven steps from a stimulus in the environment to an action by the perceiving individual, illustrating each step with an example.