Deck 21: Univariate Statistical Analysis

Question 1

A univariate t-test is appropriate for testing hypotheses involving some observed mean against some specified value.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The researcher's hypothesis is generally stated in the form of a null hypothesis.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Nonparametric statistical tests are frequently referred to as distribution free.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

A statistical test's significance level or p-value becomes a key indicator of whether or not a hypothesis can be supported.

Question 5

Univariate statistical analysis tests hypotheses involving only one variable.

Question 6

In business problems, Type II errors generally are considered more serious than Type I errors.

Question 7

A significance level is a critical probability associated with a statistical hypothesis test that indicates how likely it is that an inference supporting a difference between an observed value and some statistical expectation is true.

Question 8

A Type II error occurs when you reject the null hypothesis when, in fact, it is true.

Question 9

Degrees of freedom are determined by the number of distinct calculations that are possible given a set of information.

Question 10

Nominal scales typically use parametric statistical tests.

Question 11

A Type I error occurs when you fail to reject the null hypothesis when the alternative hypothesis is true.

Question 12

In hypothesis testing, the values of t that lie on the boundary of the region of rejection are called the critical values.

Question 13

In hypothesis testing, the symbol typically used to specify the significance level of the test is b.

Question 14

The researcher using sampling runs the risk of committing two types of errors: Type I and Type II errors.

Question 15

Nonparametric statistics are based on the assumption that the data in the study are drawn from a population with a normal (bell-shaped) distribution and/or normal sampling distribution.

Question 16

The termp-value stands for power-value.

Question 17

The two major groupings of statistical procedures are parametric statistics and nonparametric statistics.

Question 18

The t-test is strictly appropriate for tests involving sample sizes larger than 30 with known standard deviations.

Question 19

The scale of measurement used by the researcher determines the allowable statistical techniques in the research study.

Question 20

Multivariate statistic analyses require five or more variables.

Question 21

A researcher is testing a hypothesis and is examining the data to determine whether or not the observed relationship between a salesperson's age and sales are significantly related. Which of the following will he use to determine the significance level of the results?

A) c
B) e
C) y-value
D) p-value

Question 22

The error caused by rejecting the null hypothesis when it is, in fact, true is called a _____.

A) Type II error
B) confidence level error
C) confidence interval error
D) Type I error

Question 23

The c² distribution is a single probability curve.

Question 24

The opposite of the null hypothesis is called the ______ hypothesis.

A) pure
B) alpha
C) alternative
D) secondary

Question 25

Selection of the appropriate statistical test to use in a research study depends on all of the following EXCEPT _____.

A) the type of research question asked
B) the number of variables
C) the measurement scale used
D) the statistical software used

Question 26

Which type of statistical analysis test hypotheses involves only one variable?

A) primary statistical analysis
B) bivariate statistical analysis
C) univariate statistical analysis
D) monovariate statistical analysis

Question 27

Failing to identify a hypothesized difference using a sample result when one really does exist in the population is which type of error?

A) primary
B) secondary
C) Type I
D) Type II

Question 28

Which of the following represents the acceptable Type I error?

A) t-value
B) c²
C) degrees of freedom
D) significance level

Question 29

Which type of error occurs when the researcher concludes a relationship exists when in fact one does not exist?

A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type A
D) Type B

Question 30

A two-tailed t-test is appropriate when the researcher has a directional hypothesis implying that an observed mean can only be greater than or less than a hypothesized value.

Question 31

The values that lie exactly on the boundary of the region of rejection for hypothesis-testing are called the _____.

A) degrees of freedom
B) critical values
C) significance level
D) confidence interval

Question 32

When a researcher sets an acceptable significance level a priori (a), he or she is determining how much tolerance he or she has for which type of error?

A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type A
D) Type B

Question 33

The logic behind the chi-square test is to compare the observed frequencies with the expected frequencies in the data set.

Question 34

Which of the following is the key indicator of whether or not a hypothesis can be supported?

A) critical value
B) significance level
C) chi-square
D) degrees of freedom

Question 35

If the population mean is expected to be 85 and the sample mean is 80, the sample standard deviation is 20, and the sample consists of 100 consumers, the observed value of the Z-statistic is approximately _____.

A) 2.50
B) -10.00
C) -2.50
D) -0.25

Question 36

The two types of errors researcher run the risk of committing when sampling are _____.

A) primary and secondary errors
B) Type I and Type II errors
C) critical and noncritical errors
D) Type A and Type B errors

Question 37

A hypothesis test of a proportion is conceptually similar to hypothesis testing when the mean is the characteristic of interest.

Question 38

A t-test is appropriate for testing hypotheses about frequencies arranged in a frequency or contingency table.

Question 39

When the probability of a Type II error is ______ , the probability of a Type I error is _____.

A) reduced, increased
B) reduced; reduced
C) increased; increased
D) none of these choices

Question 40

In statistical testing, the significance level is commonly denoted by the symbol _____.

A) b
B) a
C) Z_obs
D) c

Question 41

Which of the following tests is conceptually similar to the one used when the mean is the characteristic of interest but that differs in the mathematical formulation of the standard error of the proportion?

A) hypothesis test of a proportion
B) c² test
C) goodness of fit test
D) degrees of freedom test

Question 42

A statement which expresses the opposite of the null hypothesis is called the ______ hypothesis.

Question 43

Suppose that a group of 100 consumers are asked to rate how much they liked the taste of a new soft drink on a 5-point scale (where 5 = good taste and 1 = poor taste) and the mean rating was 4.2 with a standard deviation of 1.48. Suppose, further, that the standard error of the mean for this study was 0.15. If you wanted to find the 95 percent confidence interval (two-tailed test), and if the Z-value at the 0.05 level of significance is 1.96, the confidence interval lies between _____.

A) 3.91 and 4.49
B) 4.17 and 4.23
C) 3.98 and 4.42
D) 4.00 and 5.00

Question 44

When a researcher wishes to analyze data that is nominal, which type of statistics is appropriate?

A) Type I
B) Type II
C) parametric
D) nonparametric

Question 45

Another name for an observed or computed significance level is _____.

Question 46

For a one-group t-test, the degrees of freedom are _____.

A) n + 1
B) n(n - 1)
C) n - 1
D) n(n + 1)

Question 47

When the data are in ______ form, and the sample size is ______ , the researcher should use parametric statistical procedures.

A) nominal; large
B) ordinal; large
C) interval; large
D) nominal; small

Question 48

The number of observations minus the number of constraints or assumptions needed to calculate a statistical term is called the _____.

A) statistical power
B) t-level
C) degrees of freedom
D) significance level

Question 49

Which of the following represents how well some computed table or matrix of values matches some population or predetermined table or matrix of the same size?

A) statistical power
B) Z-value
C) t-value
D) goodness-of-fit (GOF)

Question 50

The critical probability associated with a statistical hypothesis test that indicates how likely it is that an inference supporting a difference between an observed value and some statistical expectation is true is called _____.

Question 51

Laura has a frequency table with the number of stores in three different categories: stand-alone, shopping center, and mall locations. Which statistical test is appropriate for testing hypothesizes she might have regarding these frequencies?

A) b test
B) c² test
C) a test
D) g test

Question 52

The type of statistical analysis that deals with a hypothesis about a single variable (e.g. market share) is called ______ statistical analysis.

Question 53

In a brand awareness study of 80 consumers, 52 of them were able to identify "Fusion" as a type of Ford automobile. The chi-square value for a test of this brand awareness was approximately _____.

A) 2.30
B) 7.20
C) 0.60
D) 3.60

Question 54

Which type of t-test is appropriate to test the following hypothesis? H: The number of employees who commute to work is greater than ten.

A) Type I
B) Type II
C) one-tailed
D) two-tailed

Question 55

The t-distribution has a mean of ______ and a standard deviation of ______.

A) one; zero
B) zero; one
C) one; two
D) two; one

Question 56

Analyses that test hypotheses and models involving multiple (three or more) variables or sets of variables are referred to as _____ statistical analyses.

Question 57

When sample size (n) is larger than _____, the t-distribution and Z-distribution are almost identical.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 25
D) 30

Question 58

Which type of statistics involves numbers with known, continuous distributions?

A) Type I
B) Type II
C) parametric
D) nonparametric

Question 59

Suppose that past research studies have found that 70 percent of a particular target market segment were aware of the Nike "swoosh" brand mark. If 65 percent of this target market in a sample of 60 people are aware of this brand mark, and if the standard error of the proportion is 0.06, the observed Z-test value is approximately _____.

A) -13.19
B) -0.83
C) 0.83
D) 13.19

Question 60

For which statistical test does the formula given below apply?

A) Z-test
B) F-test
C) Chi-square test
D) W-square

Question 61

Describe the chi-square test for goodness-of-fit and explain when it is the appropriate test.

Question 62

A general term representing how well some computed table or matrix of values matches some population or predetermined table or matrix of the same size is _____.

Question 63

The symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution that has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one is called the ______.

Question 64

The error caused by failing to reject the null hypothesis when, in fact, the alternative hypothesis is true is called a(n) ______ error.

Question 65

The appropriate test to use when testing hypotheses involving an observed mean against some specified value is the univariate ______ .

Question 66

Compare and contrast Type I errors and Type II errors and explain which one is of more concern to researchers.

Question 67

Compare and contrast significance levels and p-values.

Question 68

Define one- and two-tailed univariate tests and describe when each is appropriate. Give an example hypothesis that can be tested with each test.

Question 69

You are designing a research study and are determining the appropriate statistical technique to use. List the factors you should consider when choosing the appropriate statistical technique.

Question 70

The error caused by rejecting the null hypothesis when, in fact, it is true is called a(n) ______ error.

Question 71

Compare and contrast parametric statistics and nonparametric statistics.

Question 72

When the researcher does not know how the data are distributed, the researcher should use ________ methods of statistics in analyzing the data.

Question 73

The appropriate test for testing hypotheses about frequencies arranged in a frequency or contingency table is the _____ test.

Question 74

In hypothesis testing, the values that lie exactly on the boundary of the region of rejection are referred to as the ______ values.

Question 75

In hypothesis testing, the number of observations minus the number of constraints needed to calculate a statistical term is called the ______.

Question 76

When the data are interval or ratio scaled and the sample size is large, _____ statistical procedures are appropriate.