Deck 41: Animal Hormones

Question 1

Which of the following statements about hormones is true?

A) The same hormone can cause different responses in different types of cells.
B) Whenever a hormone encounters a cell with a receptor to which it can bind, it does bind.
C) The receptor for a hormone may be on the secreting cell itself.
D) The receptor for a hormone may be in the plasma membrane or inside the cell.
E) All of the above

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which of the following hormones directly stimulates molting in an insect larva?

A) Brain hormone
B) Ecdysone
C) Juvenile hormone
D) Moltin
E) Prolactin

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which statement is true of all hormones?

A) They are secreted by glands.
B) They have receptors on cell surfaces.
C) They may stimulate different responses in different cells.
D) There is a gene that codes for each hormone.
E) When the same hormone occurs in different species, it has the same action.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Steroid hormones

A) are produced only by the adrenal cortex.
B) have only cell surface receptors.
C) are water-soluble.
D) act by altering the activity of proteins in the target cell.
E) act by altering gene expression in the target cell.

Question 5

Growth hormone

A) can cause adults to grow taller.
B) stimulates protein synthesis.
C) is released by the hypothalamus.
D) can be obtained only from cadavers.
E) is a steroid.

Question 6

The hormone ecdysone

A) is released from the posterior pituitary.
B) stimulates molting in insects.
C) maintains an insect in larval stages unless PTTH is present.
D) stimulates the secretion of juvenile hormone from the prothoracic glands.
E) keeps the insect exoskeleton flexible to permit growth.

Question 7

Which of the following is the chronological order of events in the molting of Rhodnius, as determined by Sir Vincent Wigglesworth?

A) Blood meal, prothoracicotropic hormone release, ecdysone release
B) Blood meal, ecdysone release, prothoracicotropic hormone release
C) Ecdysone release, blood meal, prothoracicotropic hormone release
D) Prothoracicotropic hormone release, blood meal, ecdysone release
E) None of the above

Question 8

Hormones are secreted by

A) endocrine glands, such as the thyroid gland.
B) individual cells, such as those lining portions of the digestive tract.
C) exocrine glands, such as the pancreas.
D) Both a and b
E) All of the above

Question 9

Which of the following is a likely cause of diabetes?

A) Overproduction of insulin by $\beta$ cells of the pancreas
B) Loss of $\alpha$ cells of the pancreas
C) Loss of insulin receptors
D) Overproduction of glucagon
E) Loss of receptors for somatostatin

Question 10

The posterior pituitary

A) synthesizes oxytocin.
B) is under the control of hypothalamic releasing neurohormones.
C) secretes tropic hormones.
D) secretes neurohormones.
E) is under feedback control by thyroxine.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about hormones, hormone-producing cells, and target cells is false?

A) Target cells have the appropriate receptors for binding a particular hormone.
B) Some endocrine cells exist as single cells within a tissue.
C) Endocrine glands do not have ducts that lead to the outside of the body.
D) All hormones travel in the blood to target cells.
E) Both a and b

Question 12

Before puberty

A) the pituitary secretes luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, but the gonads are unresponsive.
B) the hypothalamus does not secrete much gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
C) males can stimulate massive muscle development through a vigorous training program.
D) testosterone plays no role in development of the male sex organs.
E) genetic females will develop male genitals unless estrogen is present.

Question 13

Which of the following is not one of the effects of muscle-building anabolic steroids?

A) Cessation of menstrual periods in women
B) Increased body and facial hair in women
C) Reduced risk of cancer and heart disease in men
D) Breast tissue diminution in women
E) Kidney disease

Question 14

Which of the following is a local hormone?

A) Adrenaline
B) Estrogen
C) Histamine
D) Insulin
E) Thyroxine

Question 15

Insect prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)

A) stimulates the prothoracic gland to release the hormone that stimulates molting.
B) stimulates the corpora cardiaca to release molting hormone.
C) directly stimulates molting if food reserves are adequate.
D) inhibits molting until the insect is a certain size.
E) inhibits insect growth.

Question 16

Both epinephrine and cortisol are secreted in response to stress. Which of the following statements is also true for both of these hormones?

A) They act to increase blood glucose availability.
B) Their receptors are on the surfaces of target cells.
C) They are secreted by the adrenal cortex.
D) Their secretion is stimulated by corticotropin.
E) They are secreted into the blood within seconds of the onset of stress.

Question 17

Which of the following contributes to the development of goiter?

A) Inadequate iodine in the diet
B) Autoimmune antibodies that stimulate the TSH receptor
C) Lack of feedback from circulating T₃ and T₄
D) Overproduction of thyroglobulin
E) All of the above

Question 18

Sir Vincent Wigglesworth's experiments with Rhodnius showed that the target for brain hormone is the

A) prothoracic gland.
B) pupa.
C) larva.
D) corpora cardiaca.
E) corpora allata.

Question 19

Which of Wigglesworth's observations of Rhodnius bugs helped explain the role of insect hormones?

A) A blood meal triggers molting in these bugs.
B) If decapitated immediately following a blood meal, the bug will molt.
C) When two bugs are connected, they molt simultaneously.
D) When two bugs are connected, the feeding status of one can trigger molting in the other.
E) When two bugs are decapitated and connected, they do not molt into adults.

Question 20

PTH

A) stimulates osteoblasts to lay down new bone.
B) reduces blood calcium levels.
C) stimulates calcitonin release.
D) is produced by the thyroid gland.
E) is released when blood calcium levels fall.

Question 21

For a cell to be responsive to a lipid-soluble hormone, it must have

A) a specific cell-surface receptor.
B) a specific receptor in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
C) cAMP.
D) G protein.
E) a specific DNA sequence to which the hormone binds.

Question 22

Steroid hormones

A) must bind to carrier proteins to be transported in the blood to their target cells.
B) bind with receptor proteins in the plasma membrane.
C) are synthesized from epinephrine in the adrenal gland.
D) are released from the cells that make them by exocytosis.
E) are mostly derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine.

Question 23

Which of the following is an effect of increased levels of antidiuretic hormone in the blood?

A) Letdown of milk from mammary tissues
B) Uterine contractions during birth
C) Water conservation by the kidney
D) Production of somatomedins by the liver
E) Production of enkephalins by the hypothalamus

Question 24

Which of the following is not one of the distinct chemical groups to which hormones belong?

A) Steroids
B) Proteins
C) Peptides
D) Carbohydrates
E) Amines

Question 25

Under which of the following conditions would a mammal tend to increase thyroxine levels?

A) Following childbirth in a female
B) During illness and fever
C) When blood glucose levels are high
D) During sleep and rest
E) When exposed to cold

Question 26

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

A) Prolactin
B) Oxytocin
C) Endorphins
D) Growth hormone
E) Luteinizing hormone

Question 27

Which of the following would signal a reduction in thyrotropin release?

A) Increased levels of thyrotropin
B) Decreased levels of thyrotropin
C) Increased levels of thyroxine
D) Decreased levels of thyroxine
E) Decreased activity of the thyroid

Question 28

Juvenile hormone can be used by humans as an effective control of insect populations because it causes

A) juvenile insects to die.
B) the insects to fail to molt.
C) the insects to fail to develop into reproducing adults.
D) even tiny insects to pupate immediately.
E) insects to molt too quickly.

Question 29

The invertebrate hormone prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)

A) is secreted from glands in the thorax.
B) is secreted only in adulthood.
C) plays no role in molting and metamorphosis.
D) integrates information detected by the nervous system with the control of a physiological process.
E) is required in large quantities to have an effect.

Question 30

The neurohormones antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) and oxytocin are produced by the

A) anterior pituitary and released by the posterior pituitary.
B) hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary.
C) pituitary and signal the hypothalamus.
D) hypothalamus and signal the brain.
E) pituitary and signal to the reproductive organs.

Question 31

Which of the following is an effect of oxytocin?

A) Stimulation of uterine contractions at birth
B) Increased reabsorption of water in the kidney
C) Stimulation of tropic hormone release
D) Increased productivity of the hypothalamus
E) Increased rate of ovulation in the ovary

Question 32

Some hormones control the activities of other endocrine glands. Which of the following is not such a hormone?

A) Prothoracicotropic hormone
B) Adrenocorticotropin
C) Luteinizing hormone
D) Growth hormone
E) Follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 33

In addition to producing thyroxine, the mammalian thyroid gland produces

A) adrenaline.
B) calcitonin.
C) iodine.
D) prolactin.
E) thyrotropin.

Question 34

The 1972 Nobel Prize in medicine was awarded to Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally for discoveries relating to

A) the cause of hypopituitary dwarfism.
B) hypothalamic releasing factors.
C) production of growth hormone using genetically engineered bacteria.
D) the cause of acromegaly.
E) the discovery of a cure for hypothyroidism.

Question 35

Which of the following statements about growth hormone or its function is false?

A) Growth hormone stimulates cells to take up amino acids.
B) Growth hormone is a tropic hormone.
C) Pituitary dwarfism is now preventable using hormone therapy.
D) Neurohormones of the hypothalamus influence release of growth hormone.
E) All of the above are true; none is false.

Question 36

Portal blood vessels connect the _______ to the _______.

A) hypothalamus; brain
B) hypothalamus; posterior pituitary
C) hypothalamus; anterior pituitary
D) anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary
E) pancreas; liver

Question 37

Hormones released by the posterior pituitary are produced in the

A) anterior pituitary.
B) hypothalamus.
C) pineal gland.
D) thymus.
E) thyroid.

Question 38

The best source of growth hormone for medical uses today is

A) slaughtered sheep or cattle.
B) human cadavers.
C) synthesis in the laboratory.
D) genetically engineered bacteria.
E) human blood samples.

Question 39

In which of the following pairs is a pituitary hormone matched correctly with its target organ?

A) Oxytocin - oviducts
B) Prolactin - kidney
C) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone - brain
D) Growth hormone - liver
E) Luteinizing hormone - thyroid

Question 40

Which of the following hormones is not paired correctly with its target organ?

A) Oxytocin - adrenal glands
B) Prolactin - mammary glands
C) Parathyroid hormone - bone
D) ADH - kidneys
E) Luteinizing hormone - gonads

Question 41

Vitamin D

A) is synthesized by skin cells.
B) is also called calciferol.
C) is a hormone, not a vitamin.
D) is involved in the regulation of calcium.
E) All of the above

Question 42

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the hormonal function or action specified in each question that follows with the correct hormone from the list below.

-Insufficient levels result in diabetes mellitus.

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Epinephrine
D) Somatostatin
E) Cortisol

Question 43

Which type of goiter (enlarged thyroid) can be reduced by the addition of iodine to the diet?

A) Hyperthyroid goiter, in which thyroxine does not turn off the pituitary's secretion of TSH
B) Hyperthyroid goiter, in which the thyroid is activated by high levels of thyroxine
C) Hypothyroid goiter, involving low functional thyroxine levels and high thyrotropin levels
D) Hypothyroid goiter, involving high functional thyroxine levels and low thyrotropin levels
E) All types of goiter

Question 44

Which of the following hormones elevates blood calcium?

A) Parathyroid hormone
B) Thyroxine
C) Calcitonin
D) Oxytocin
E) Vasopressin

Question 45

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the hormonal function or action specified in each question that follows with the correct hormone from the list below.

-Released rapidly in response to immediate stress

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Epinephrine
D) Somatostatin
E) Cortisol

Question 46

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the hormonal function or action specified in each question that follows with the correct hormone from the list below.

-Inhibits the release of growth hormone

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Epinephrine
D) Somatostatin
E) Cortisol

Question 47

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the hormonal function or action specified in each question that follows with the correct hormone from the list below.

-Stimulates cells to use glucose as a metabolic fuel and to convert excess glucose into fat and glycogen storage

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Epinephrine
D) Somatostatin
E) Cortisol

Question 48

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the hormonal function or action specified in each question that follows with the correct hormone from the list below.

-Released in response to rapid rises of glucose and amino acids in the blood

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Epinephrine
D) Somatostatin
E) Cortisol

Question 49

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the description of a gland, target organ, function, or action specified in the questions that follow with the correct hormone from the list below.

-Increases reabsorption of sodium ions

A) Somatostatin
B) Melatonin
C) Aldosterone
D) Testosterone
E) Parathyroid hormone

Question 50

The parathyroid glands are involved in regulation of blood levels of

A) calcium.
B) glucose.
C) iodine.
D) sodium.
E) thyroxine.

Question 51

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the hormonal function or action specified in each question that follows with the correct hormone from the list below.

-Slowly released in response to short-term stress

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Epinephrine
D) Somatostatin
E) Cortisol

Question 52

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the hormonal function or action specified in each question that follows with the correct hormone from the list below.

-Produced by the adrenal medulla

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Epinephrine
D) Somatostatin
E) Cortisol

Question 53

In the disease diabetes mellitus, a lack of insulin prevents

A) the excretion of glucose.
B) glucose breakdown.
C) glucose uptake by cells.
D) the conversion of glucose to glycogen.
E) the synthesizing of glucose.

Question 54

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the hormonal function or action specified in each question that follows with the correct hormone from the list below.

-Responsible for the conversion of glycogen into glucose when serum glucose levels fall

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Epinephrine
D) Somatostatin
E) Cortisol

Question 55

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the description of a gland, target organ, function, or action specified in the questions that follow with the correct hormone from the list below.

-Lowers blood phosphate levels

A) Somatostatin
B) Melatonin
C) Aldosterone
D) Testosterone
E) Parathyroid hormone

Question 56

The hormone responsible for releasing calcium from bone into the bloodstream is

A) insulin.
B) calcitonin.
C) parathyroid hormone.
D) thyroxine.
E) somatostatin.

Question 57

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the hormonal function or action specified in each question that follows with the correct hormone from the list below.

-Steroidal hormone synthesized from cholesterol

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Epinephrine
D) Somatostatin
E) Cortisol

Question 58

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the hormonal function or action specified in each question that follows with the correct hormone from the list below.

-Inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Epinephrine
D) Somatostatin
E) Cortisol

Question 59

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the hormonal function or action specified in each question that follows with the correct hormone from the list below.

-First extracted by Frederick Banting and Charles Best

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Epinephrine
D) Somatostatin
E) Cortisol

Question 60

Malfunctioning of the thyroid gland in the human adult can result in

A) cretinism.
B) diabetes.
C) dwarfism.
D) goiter.
E) hermaphroditism.

Question 61

Which of the following statements about sex steroids is false?

A) Absence of the X chromosome causes the embryonic gonads of mammals to produce androgens.
B) Gonads produce hormones and gametes.
C) They are produced at low levels by the juvenile gonads.
D) The human embryo has the potential to develop into either a male or a female until about the seventh week of development.
E) All of the above are true; none is false.

Question 62

Which of the following statements about hormones is false?

A) Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands.
B) Hormones are analogous to on-off switches.
C) Soon after secretion, hormones reach their maximum concentration in the blood.
D) Hormones act over a period of time, measured by their half-life.
E) Several receptors may mediate actions of a single hormone.

Question 63

Which of the following is not produced by the pancreas?

A) Cortisol
B) Glucagon
C) Insulin
D) Somatostatin
E) Digestive enzymes

Question 64

Which of the following is not a function of cortisol?

A) Metabolizing fats for energy
B) Mediating response to stress
C) Slowing down metabolism of glucose
D) Stimulating the immune response
E) Metabolizing proteins for energy

Question 65

Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex are

A) water-soluble.
B) proteins.
C) steroids.
D) carbohydrates.
E) tropic hormones.

Question 66

Somatostatin

A) is released when glucose and amino acid levels rise rapidly in the blood.
B) inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon.
C) slows digestive activity.
D) is produced in the hypothalamus.
E) All of the above

Question 67

The corticosteroid hormones

A) depress the immune response.
B) stimulate sexual and reproductive activity.
C) influence blood glucose concentrations.
D) influence ionic and osmotic concentrations of the blood.
E) All of the above

Question 68

The adrenal medulla develops from nervous tissue and produces the hormone

A) epinephrine.
B) adrenocorticotropin.
C) aldosterone.
D) cholesterol.
E) cortisol.

Question 69

Which of the following statements about mammalian sexual differentiation is true?

A) Any tissue with cells containing the Y chromosome will become a male structure.
B) A steady high level of estrogens causes the indifferent organ to become female.
C) The absence of estrogens causes an organ to become male.
D) The absence of androgens causes an organ to become female.
E) Any tissue with cells containing the X chromosome will become female.

Question 70

Immunoassays require the use of known amounts of labeled and unlabeled hormone molecules. In the original immunoassays hormones were labeled

A) with radioactive isotopes of iodine.
B) with fluorescent amino acids.
C) with sulfur atoms that emit a strong odor.
D) by using enantiomers of the hormone molecules.
E) with isotopes of carbon that changed their molecular weight.

Question 71

Which of the following statements about biological rhythms is false?

A) Melatonin, which influences biological rhythms, is released by the pineal gland during the day.
B) Photoperiodicity, which influences biological rhythms, is the phenomenon whereby seasonal changes in day length cause physiological changes in animals.
C) Melatonin release, which influences biological rhythms, is inhibited by exposure to light.
D) All of the above are true; none is false.
E) All of the above are false.

Question 72

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the description of a gland, target organ, function, or action specified in the questions that follow with the correct hormone from the list below.

-An androgen

A) Somatostatin
B) Melatonin
C) Aldosterone
D) Testosterone
E) Parathyroid hormone

Question 73

Hormones can exert their effects even in very low concentrations. For example, testosterone has many dramatic effects, even though its concentration in the blood of adult human males is about 30-100

A) deciliters per liter.
B) grams per milliliter.
C) grains per ounce.
D) millionths of a gram per milliliter.
E) billionths of a gram per milliliter.

Question 74

Which of the following statements about hormonal responses is false?

A) A dose-response curve quantifies response to a hormone.
B) The half-life of epinephrine in the blood is a few minutes.
C) A radioimmunoassay is able to follow the interactions between a hormone and an antibody made to that hormone.
D) The technique for detecting and measuring infinitesimal quantities of hormone was developed by Rosalyn Yalow.
E) The half-life of a hormone in the blood is the length of time it takes for one-half of the hormone to be secreted.

Question 75

Which of the following hormones is not produced within the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas?

A) Somatostatin
B) Insulin
C) Glucagon
D) Calcitonin
E) Both a and c

Question 76

Which of the following scientists developed the technique of radioimmunoassay?

A) Paula Radcliffe
B) Rosalyn Yalow
C) Rosalind Franklin
D) Andrew Schally
E) Roger Guillemin

Question 77

Somatostatin

A) functions as a paracrine hormone.
B) slows the digestive activities of the gut.
C) inhibits the release of growth hormone in the anterior pituitary.
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 78

Which of the following is the earliest event in puberty?

A) The hypothalamus releases more GnRH.
B) The level of circulating androgens rises in males.
C) The menstrual cycle is initiated in females.
D) The gonads differentiate into testes or ovaries.
E) The hypothalamic GnRH-producing cells become more sensitive to negative feedback from sex steroids and gonadotropins.

Question 79

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the description of a gland, target organ, function, or action specified in the questions that follow with the correct hormone from the list below.

-Secreted by the pineal gland

A) Somatostatin
B) Melatonin
C) Aldosterone
D) Testosterone
E) Parathyroid hormone

Question 80

The sex hormones secreted by the gonads and, to a small extent, by the adrenal cortex are synthesized from

A) complex carbohydrates.
B) amino acids.
C) cholesterol.
D) hemoglobin.
E) nucleic acids.