Deck 3: Section 1 : Attention and Encoding

Question 1

If you find yourself daydreaming in class about a date last night, which of the following best describes this process?
a. Encoding
b. Internal attention
c. External attention
d. Accessibility

Answer 1

Internal attention

Question 2

You are impressed to see a student happily donate $100 to charity, and later describe that person as "generous." This is best described as an example of what?
a. Automatic processing
b. Spontaneous trait inference
c. Emotional overgeneralization
d. Behavioral salience

Answer 2

Spontaneous trait inference

Question 3

Studies in ___________ indicate that baby-faced adults are perceived to have more childlike qualities than mature-faced adults. These studies suggest that this response is an adaptive response for the species' survival, because adults must nurture and protect the young.
a. Cognitive neuroscience
b. Social salience
c. Ecological perspective
d. None of the above

Answer 3

Ecological perspective

Question 4

"Ecological perception" can be best described in which of the following ways?
a. Perception and resolution of inconsistent environmental cues
b. Automatic trait inferences based on the configuration of a stimulus
c. Affective cues that bias the encoding of categorical information
d. Cognitive mechanisms that operate outside of awareness to facilitate recall

Question 5

Which of the following is most important in determining social salience?
a. Perceiver's expectations
b. Context
c. Physical position
d. Perceiver's goals

Question 6

Which of the following would be the best cue to rapidly direct someone's gaze to the left?
a. An arrow pointing left
b. A picture of eyes looking left
c. A finger and hand pointing left
d. Displaying the word "left"

Question 7

Extensive research has been conducted on the effects of vividness on attitude change. Based on the research, which of the following would be most persuasive?
a. A message accompanied by a large, clear photograph
b. A message written in emotional, concrete language
c. A message with many supporting facts and data
d. None of these has shown to be particularly effective

Question 8

When perceiving a face looking directly at you, which of the following is least likely?
a. Rapid categorization of the face by gender
b. Facilitated recall of the face
c. The face appears more attractive than if it were looking away
d. Lower likelihood of associating the face with negative stereotypes

Question 9

A person suffering from depression thinks about negative evaluations almost every time he thinks about himself. This would best be described as which of the following?
a. Private self-focus
b. Chronic accessibility
c. Affective encoding
d. Stereotypic exaggeration

Question 10

Which of the following neural systems is likely responsible if you recognizing a particular face in crowd of people?
a. Superior Temporal Sulcus STS)
b. Amygdala
c. Fusiform Face Area FFA)
d. None of the above

Question 11

Which of the following properties of a stimulus is least likely to influence attention?
a. Salience
b. Vividness
c. Representation
d. Accessibility

Question 12

A participant is unconsciously primed with a smiling face. The experiment comes back into the room and exclaims, "Hey!" with an ambiguous tone. The participant evaluates it as a friendly exclamation. This is best described as an example of which of the following?
a. Assimilation effect
b. Contrast effect
c. Stimulus ambiguity
d. Self-protective motivations

Question 13

Gaze appears primarily as what kind of phenomenon?
a. Encoding
b. Internal attention
c. External attention
d. Accessibility

Question 14

Which of the following situations would be the most socially salient?
a. Two people brawling in the street
b. A man proposing to a woman a restaurant
c. A family taking a group photo on the beach
d. An infant crying in his stroller

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the effects of an unconscious prime?
a. Encourages a person to behave in a way towards which the person was already inclined
b. To be effective, the prime must be directly linked with the concept in question
c. Can have significant long-term effects even when the stimulus is presented briefly
d. None of the above

Question 16

A person with a large forehead, big eyes, and a small chin is least likely to be seen as which of the following traits?
a. Brilliant
b. Honest
c. Generous
d. Gracious

Question 17

A particularly salient behavioral display is least likely to result in which of the following?
a. Increased tendency for spontaneous trait inference
b. Increased attention to environmental cues
c. Increased evaluation of the target's prominence
d. Increased exaggeration of positive or negative aspects of the behavior

Question 18

Which of the following emotional displays is most likely to increase the social salience of a face?
a. Happiness
b. Sadness
c. Anger
d. Surprise

Question 19

Imagine you see a person commit a crime. Which of the following strategies is most likely to facilitate your later recognition of that person's face during a police lineup?
a. Immediately describing the person's face in great detail
b. Focusing on memorizing the most distinctive features of the face, particularly the eyes and mouth
c. Focusing on the periphery of the face, such as the shape of the jaw, instead of the more central features
d. Thinking of the face globally, or holistically

Question 20

What are the most central traits that people infer from faces?
a. Kindness and confidence
b. Persistence and dependability
c. Intelligence and fairness
d. Trustworthiness and competence

Question 21

Which of the following has NOT been shown to contribute to contrast effects?
a. Consciousness of the prime
b. Goal of the perceiver
c. Stimulus ambiguity
d. None of the above

Question 22

Which of the following show accessibility effects due to priming?
a. Positive or negative personality traits
b. Racial stereotypes
c. Gender-role stereotypes
d. All of the above

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT an established effect of social salience?
a. Enhancement of memory
b. Exaggeration of judgment
c. Organization of impressions
d. Disorganization of impressions

Question 24

Which of the following statements has been shown to be true regarding vividness effects?
a. Vivid information is more persuasive than dry, abstract messages
b. Vivid information easily brings to mind internal visual representations, making them more memorable
c. Vivid, direct experiences change attitudes more effectively than secondhand experiences
d. None of the above

Question 25

Which of the following emphasizes external stimulus information and describes the organization in it as "inherent in a stimulus for a particular perceiver, based on that person's history of perceptual experiences"?
a. Ecological perception
b. Gibsonian approach
c. Both A and B
d. None of the above

Question 26

Which of the following has been proposed to be a mediator for differential attention and differential judgments?
a. Accessibility of recall
b. Causal relevance of recall
c. All of the above
d. None of the above

Question 27

Which of the following best describes common arguments against pitting ecological and cognitive approaches directly against each other?
a. Lack of empirical support for either approach
b. Inability to falsify both meta-theories
c. Difficulty distinguishing between perception and cognition in practice
d. Both B and C

Question 28

Though most research shows participants to assimilate ambiguous behavior to primed traits, which of the following shows a lack of assimilation?
a. Experimental demand
b. Contrast Effects
c. Verbal overshadowing
d. Ecological perception