Deck 4: Section 2: Representation in Memory

Question 1

Describe how associative network models of memory differ from a parallel distributed processing model.
a. Associative network, each node represents unique concept; in PDP model, each unit represents many different concepts.
b. PDP = memory consisting of units nerve cells) connected with facilitative and inhibitory links; only the strengths of connections are stored. Connections allow patterns memories) to be re-created recalled).
c. In associative network, "node" = pattern of activation over multiple neurons; PDP focuses on a lower level of analysis.

Answer 1

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Question 2

What is another name for category-driven processes, and what is another name for data-driven processes? Explain the main difference between these types of cognition, using an example if needed.

Answer 2

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Question 3

Describe the effect of embodiment on emotions and evaluations. Provide three empirical examples naming specific researchers).
a. Strack, Martin & Strepper, 1988: When people hold a pencil horizontally in their teeth-making them contract their smile muscles-they find cartoons funnier than when they hold the pencil with their lips. face)
b. Wells & Petty, 1980: When people are induced to nod their head vertically or shake their head horizontally while receiving a persuasive communication, they are, respectively, more or less likely to agree with it. movement)
c. Duclos et al., 1993: When people adopt different postures characteristic of emotions such as sadness, they report feeling those emotions more. posture)
d. IJzerman & Semin, 2010; Williams & Bargh, 2008: When physically or verbally closer, people express and feel literally warmer.
e. Schubert, 2004: Making a fist relates to people's conceptions of power. Cacioppo, Priester, & Berntson, 1993: People like unfamiliar Chinese ideographs better when they flex their arms, mimicking an approach motion, than when they extend their arm, making an avoidance motion.

Answer 3

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Question 4

Describe an example of a "pure" exemplar-based process, and a separate example of a pure prototype-based process. Use these examples to describe one strength and one weakness of each type of model.

Question 5

Explain the difference between associate network models of memory and parallel distributed processing PDP) models.
a. Associate models: each node uniquely represents a concept, and when the node is sufficiently activated, the concept is retrieved. Knowledge represented statically, not changing form between long-term and wring memory activated or not).
b. PDP model: each unit helps to represent many different concepts, which are retrieved when the appropriate pattern of activation occurs across all the basic units. Patterns not stored for activation, but strengths of connections among basic units are stored, which then upon activation can create patterns to be re-created.

Question 6

How can categorical processing contribute to the phenomenon of "false memories"?
a. To result in false memories, leading questions that encourage someone to respond in a given direction, or volunteer novel information as if it were known fact, must fit within plausible pre-existing mental categories.
b. Related to "false alarms," where items that fit within a category are especially likely to be identified as familiar, even if they have never before been presented.
c. When information is category-consistent with actual memories, it is sometimes experienced as familiar or known, even if it has not been encountered before.