Deck 7: D: Memory

Question 1

Memory is defined as an active system that consists of three processes.They are

A)receiving information from the senses,organizing and storing the information,and retrieving the information from storage.
B)the unconditioned stimulus,the conditioned stimulus,and the conditioned response.
C)bottom-up processing,selective attention,and top-down processing.
D)acquisition,extinction,and spontaneous recovery.

Answer 1

receiving information from the senses,organizing and storing the information,and retrieving the information from storage.

Question 2

What system of memory has the largest span and longest duration?

A)Short-term memory
B)Sensory memory
C)Long-term memory
D)Flashbulb memory

Answer 2

Long-term memory

Question 3

According to surveys of the general public,about __________ percent of people believe that human memory works like a __________.

A)87;a photographic record
B)52;a pot of melting wax
C)64;a video camera
D)75;a computer hard drive

Answer 3

64;a video camera

Question 4

A key theme that has emerged from the memory research literature is that

A)all explicit and implicit memories are stored in the hippocampus.
B)memory illusions are evidence of serious memory problems such as Alzheimer's disease or amnesia.
C)active reconstruction of events alters our memory of the important and unimportant events of our lives.
D)the passage of time has little or no effect on the accuracy of our memories.

Question 5

Dr.Vargas can remember hundreds of students' names from his twenty-five years of university teaching but has difficulty remembering the new three-digit area code for his home phone number.This is one illustration of

A)meta-memory.
B)iconic memory.
C)the paradox of memory.
D)false memories.

Question 6

A small subset of individuals with infantile autism have

A)a lack of specialized memory abilities.
B)remarkable abilities to memorize factual information.
C)an exceptional ability to memorize the digits of the mathematical value of pi.
D)very good memories for personal experiences and poor memories for facts.

Question 7

Based on research concerning culture and memory reconstruction,which individual would experience observer (relative to field)memories most often?

A)Gunter,a local university student in Germany
B)Susanne,a bassist in the London Symphony Orchestra
C)Sung,a businessman in China
D)Raj,a restaurant owner in India

Question 8

After presenting groups of research participants with words like thread,eye,pin,syringe,sewing,sharp,and thimble,a memory researcher asks the participants whether they remember seeing the word needle.The fact that many participants do is an example of

A)amnesia.
B)déjà vu.
C)permastore.
D)memory illusion.

Question 9

The case of Nadean Cool,who came to believe she had dissociative identity disorder and had suffered brutal and repeated child abuse,demonstrates that

A)therapy can help people to uncover memories of painful experiences that are repressed.
B)people who want to obtain financial compensation from family often lie about past events that they supposedly remember.
C)it is common for people to develop psychogenic amnesia when they have experienced severe abuse in the past.
D)therapeutic techniques such as guided imagery and hypnotic age regression can lead us to falsely recall past events.

Question 10

Which of the following supports the conclusion that the nature of memory is reconstructive?

A)Field memory
B)Echoic memory
C)Iconic memory
D)Observer memory

Question 11

Emilio is seeing a sports psychologist to help improve his mental preparation and performance.The psychologist asks Emilio to see himself making his free throws.As Emilio visualizes his dribbling,shooting motion,and release,he sees himself as an outside observer would.Memory researchers argue this demonstrates

A)the presence of iconic and echoic memory.
B)brain stimulation that leads to the development of engrams.
C)that working memory differs from short-term memory.
D)the reconstructive nature of memory.

Question 12

The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are

A)encoding,storage,and retrieval.
B)shallow,medium,and deep processing.
C)sensory memory,short-term memory,and long-term memory.
D)CS,UCS,and CR.

Question 13

Which of the following conclusions about memory illusions is accurate?

A)Only people who have mental disorders,such as dissociative identity disorder,experience problems with their memories and develop alters with distinct sets of memories.
B)Memory illusions reflect our brain's adaptive tendencies to go beyond the information it has and may sometimes lead us to false recall information.
C)Only about 10 percent of people are prone to any sort of memory illusion,whether it be falsely recalling a word in a list or misremembering an entire event.
D)We sometimes falsely recall information because our brain focuses on individual details so much so that we can't possibly retain all that information.

Question 14

Memory illusions,such as falsely recalling the word sleep in a list of words,are thought to result from our reliance on the __________ heuristic.

A)availability
B)hindsight
C)framing
D)representativeness

Question 15

__________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses,organizes and alters information as it stores it away,and then retrieves the information from storage.

A)Classical conditioning
B)Operant conditioning
C)Learning
D)Memory

Question 16

The system of memory that is comprised of our perceptions of sensory experience is known as

A)sensory memory.
B)flashbulb memory.
C)long-term memory.
D)short-term memory.

Question 17

Which of the following best reflects the paradox of memory?

A)Bobby remembers most important events in his life but forgets where he puts his keys regularly.
B)Stephanie has a difficult time forgetting experiences in her life,whether good or bad.
C)Miriam remembers positive life events very well but does not have a good memory for negative experiences.
D)Tyler can remember his past very well but has trouble encoding new memories and fails to remember events that just happened to him.

Question 18

Hideki and Thao are studying for an exam.Thao asks the following question: "What term refers to how people use information from the past in the present?" Hideki would be most correct if he answered,

A)"Encoding."
B)"Memory."
C)"Elaborative rehearsal."
D)"Suggestive memory."

Question 19

Joan remembers nearly everything that she has ever experienced.If you provide Joan a date ,she can tell you what she did on that day with surprising accuracy.In fact,she has a memory that is too good.According to your textbook,Joan likely has

A)an exceptional memory.
B)hyperthymestic syndrome.
C)age regression memory abilities.
D)infantile autism.

Question 20

Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment?

A)Working memory
B)Sensory memory
C)Long-term memory
D)Short-term memory

Question 21

Which type of memory allows us to have meaningful conversations?

A)Iconic memory
B)Echoic memory
C)Distributed memory
D)Procedural memory

Question 22

After you finish reading this sentence,the information will remain in your __________ as you consider each of the answers below.

A)photographic memory
B)long-term memory
C)sensory memory
D)short-term memory

Question 23

Why did research participants in Sperling's experiment recall so few letters stored in sensory memory?

A)They stopped paying attention after a few stimuli.
B)Proactive interference reduced the effectiveness of recall.
C)The stress of participating in this research became excessive.
D)The remaining stimuli quickly faded from sensory memory.

Question 24

Shannon is trying to take notes in her animal behaviour class and is able to write down what the professor has just said due to her

A)short-term memory.
B)iconic memory.
C)eidetic memory.
D)echoic memory.

Question 25

Empirical studies on short-term memory have demonstrated that its capacity is __________ and its duration is __________.

A)unlimited;about 20 seconds
B)large;up to 30 minutes
C)limited;about 10-15 seconds
D)large;the length of an average day

Question 26

You are out for a drive with the family and are lucky enough to get a window seat.The rapidly passing scenery you see out the window is first stored in

A)echoic memory.
B)iconic memory.
C)long-term memory.
D)short-term memory.

Question 27

Evidence regarding eidetic memory suggests that

A)only individuals that are older or have developmental disabilities have this type of memory.
B)even these memories show evidence of reconstruction as they often contain minor errors.
C)this type of memory is truly photographic and resistant to decay and alteration over time.
D)photographic memories are a perfect visual replication of the original stimulus for long duration.

Question 28

______________ refers to the memory store for the information we are currently thinking about,attending to,or processing actively.

A)Sensory memory
B)Echoic memory
C)Working memory
D)Long-term memory

Question 29

Eidetic imagery is most prevalent among which of the following groups?

A)University students
B)Infants and toddlers
C)Middle-aged adults
D)Elementary school children

Question 30

The key to the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory was to

A)have the participants report the entire matrix of letters they saw as fast as they could.
B)have the participants report the entire matrix of letters but mask the letters after presentation with a very bright light.
C)cue the participants,using a tone,as to which line of the matrix they were to report.
D)test the use of chunking.

Question 31

Using the partial report method,Sperling found the capacity of iconic memory to be around

A)four or five items.
B)nine or 10 items.
C)all the letters present.
D)one or two items.

Question 32

A time machine provides you the opportunity to interview Sigmund Freud.During the interview,Freud admits that he never wanted to attend medical school.When you ask him how he made it through,he says,"I had eidetic imagery." What does he mean by that?

A)He relied on the ability to associate odd images with material he needed to remember.
B)He had a photographic memory,which helped him remember the material he had to learn.
C)He was able to imagine how cells in a patient's body were acting when he prescribed drugs and,thus,he could adjust dosages.
D)In order to remember the long list of diseases he would encounter,he created drawings that helped him remember.

Question 33

Suzy looks up from her lunch,realizing that Jacques has just said something to her.What was it? Oh,yes,he has just asked her if she wants to go to the movies.Suzy's ability to retrieve what Jacques said is due to her

A)iconic sensory memory.
B)echoic sensory memory.
C)short-term memory.
D)tactile sensory memory.

Question 34

In the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory,the participants were to report

A)one of three lines of letters as indicated by the sound of a tone immediately presented after the letters had disappeared.
B)only one or two of the letters in the cued line.
C)the first letter of each line only.
D)the middle letter of each line.

Question 35

You ask your friend Drew what she had for dinner last night,and she responds that she can't remember because her "short-term memory isn't working." Based on the information you have learned in your psychology course,what might you say to Drew about her short-term memory?

A)You should really get your short-term memory checked out as that is not normal.
B)The duration of your short-term memory is really only about 20 seconds,so that is not related to your forgetting.
C)Your sensory memory is likely the cause of forgetting dinner because there were too many things to encode while eating.
D)Short-term memories are often faulty,and we have difficulty retaining information in this type of memory for longer than a day.

Question 36

Long ago,during the early days of television,when a television set was turned off it took a while for the last image that was on the screen to fade away.This phenomenon is most like

A)echoic memory.
B)iconic memory.
C)long-term memory.
D)short-term memory.

Question 37

A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you,followed by a tone.You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard.What aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess?

A)Sensory memory
B)Flashbulb memory
C)Long-term memory
D)Short-term memory

Question 38

Sperling's research using displays of letters shown to participants demonstrated that sensory memory is __________ in duration and __________ in capacity (or span).

A)long;large
B)short;limited
C)long;limited
D)short;large

Question 39

The duration of iconic memory is __________ than echoic memory,but the capacity of iconic memory is probably __________.

A)shorter;larger
B)longer;larger
C)longer;about the same
D)shorter;about the same

Question 40

Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery?

A)A table
B)A modem
C)A rainbow
D)A photograph

Question 41

Russell has played checkers at a local park for years.Compared to his 10-year-old grandson,Felix,when is Russell most likely to display greater recall for random checkers' positions on a board?

A)Under any kind of conditions;adults always have superior memories to children.
B)When the pieces are placed in meaningful patterns
C)When the pieces are placed in random,and sometimes nonsensical,patterns
D)Until his grandson learns the rules of checkers;then children's memories outperform older adults.

Question 42

__________ interference occurs when learning something new hampers earlier learning,and __________ interference occurs when earlier learning gets in the way of new learning.

A)Maintenance;elaborative
B)Elaborative;maintenance
C)Retroactive;proactive
D)Proactive;retroactive

Question 43

During lecture each day,a psychology professor may explain four main points he or she wishes the class to retain.However,most students do not think about the material again until the following class period two days later.The forgetting that occurs between classes is most likely the result of

A)bias.
B)suggestibility.
C)interference.
D)decay.

Question 44

Loni is asked to memorize the letters I K T E A L N in no particular order.She memorizes them by reorganizing them into the words INK and LATE.This tactic is called

A)flashbulb memory.
B)hypnotic regression.
C)photographic memory.
D)chunking.

Question 45

Results from a variety of different studies have found that __________ is the prime culprit in forgetting information from short-term memory.

A)interference
B)memory span
C)decay
D)memory duration

Question 46

Telephone numbers are exactly seven digits long,likely due to recognition of

A)the limited duration and span of sensory memory.
B)the capacity of both echoic and iconic memory being restricted to about seven digits.
C)our short-term memory capacity being restrained to the magic number.
D)serial transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory.

Question 47

Bits of information are combined into meaningful units so that more information can be held in short-term memory through the process of

A)flashbulb memory.
B)hypnotic regression.
C)photographic memory.
D)chunking.

Question 48

Leslie is working as a dispatcher for the police and is trying to learn the codes used to indicate various crimes in progress (e.g. ,10-71 indicates shooting in progress).However,Leslie used to be a member of the RCMP and previously learned a different set of 10-codes for the same crimes (e.g. ,10-53 indicates shooting in progress).Leslie finds that he is having trouble remembering the new codes for dispatching and sometimes mixes them up with his RCMP codes.Which one of the following sources of interference is most likely in this example?

A)Retroactive interference
B)Proactive interference
C)Associative interference
D)Decay interference

Question 49

In the text,the authors discussed the astounding memory capabilities of Rajan.He could recall the digits for the number pi starting from nearly any place in the sequence.His amazing ability is due,in part,to his use of

A)flashbulb memory.
B)hypnotic regression.
C)photographic memory.
D)chunking.

Question 50

Jamal is trying to buy something over the phone.He asks his partner to read him his credit card number.However,when he tries to repeat it to the sales clerk on the other end of the line,he can't remember all the numbers.Jamal is coming up against

A)the decay of numerical memory.
B)the extinction of auditory traces.
C)the limits of procedural memory.
D)George Miller's magic number seven,plus or minus two.

Question 51

Greg is a chess master and has an amazing memory for chess plays and positions on the board.If Greg also was in your psychology class and was taking this test,how would you expect him to perform?

A)Greg would do very well,as he must have an eidetic memory.
B)Greg's iconic memory for positions will help him to remember psychology concepts better.
C)Greg's memory for psychology concepts will be about the same as other students'.
D)Greg will probably do worse on the test than other students because his memory is consumed with chess.

Question 52

When asked to recall single-digit numbers presented in various digit span sizes,the typical adult starts to encounter difficulty once they get past approximately __________ digits.

A)seven
B)five
C)three
D)four

Question 53

If one wants to increase the capacity of short-term memory,more items can be held through the process of

A)flashbulb memory.
B)hypnotic regression.
C)photographic memory.
D)chunking.

Question 54

In high school,Deanna took three years of Spanish.Upon enrolling in college 10 years later,she registered for a remedial French course.When required to speak in French during class discussion with her teacher and classmates,Deanna frequently responds with Spanish words instead of French words.This is one example of

A)retroactive interference.
B)blocking.
C)proactive interference.
D)decay.

Question 55

The system of memory that can hold approximately seven "chunks" of information for approximately 15 seconds is called

A)short-term memory.
B)permastore memory.
C)long-term memory.
D)sensory memory.

Question 56

In the 1950s,George Miller estimated the number of items that could be stored in short-term memory to be the magic number

A)five,plus or minus four.
B)seven,plus or minus two.
C)nine,plus or minus three.
D)11,plus or minus one.

Question 57

Chunking is a means of

A)immediately forgetting irrelevant details.
B)combining information into meaningful units.
C)arranging details into a hierarchy from most to least important.
D)storing long-term memories.

Question 58

When information that you learned in your high school psychology class gets in the way of learning new information from your university-level psychology class,__________ has occurred.

A)transience
B)misinformation
C)interference
D)long-term blocking

Question 59

Tiffany is involved in a memory study and is given the following list of letters to remember: APANHLNFLDCBCAB.The researcher notices that she can remember the whole series of letters,contrary to the standard seven pieces of information expected.Which of the following processes most likely explains Tiffany's ability to remember all the letters?

A)Maintenance rehearsal
B)Eidetic memory
C)Elaborative rehearsal
D)Chunking

Question 60

All night,Pedro has been staring at Samantha from across the dance floor.At the end of the night,he finally gets the courage to ask her for her telephone number.His mental repetition of the number on the drive home is one example of

A)transference of memory.
B)chunking.
C)the power of suggestion.
D)rehearsal.

Question 61

Brianna has just asked a new friend,Tim,for his phone number and is repeating it to herself in her head.Tim then asks her a question about her plans for later in the day,and she forgets his phone number.What process was she using to remember his phone number,and why did she forget?

A)She used maintenance rehearsal and forgot because her rehearsal was interrupted.
B)She used elaborative rehearsal and forgot due to memory decay.
C)She used maintenance rehearsal and forgot because of proactive inhibition.
D)She used elaborative rehearsal and forgot because she was not able to chunk the information effectively.

Question 62

Bart and Lisa are trying to remember how an action potential moves down an axon.Lisa repeats the information to herself repeatedly,whereas Bart links action potentials to lighting a fuse in an unmyelinated axon and skipping in a myelinated axon.What memory strategies are Bart and Lisa using to remember this information?

A)Lisa is using a paired-associate task,and Bart is using visual processing.
B)Bart is using elaborative rehearsal,and Lisa is using maintenance rehearsal.
C)Lisa is memorizing using forced recall,whereas Bart is using a free recall format.
D)Both Bart and Lisa are using chunking to get more information into their long-term memories.

Question 63

What are the two major types of rehearsal involved in moving information from short-term to long-term memory?

A)Condensed and expanded
B)Elaborative and permanent
C)Maintenance and permanent
D)Elaborative and maintenance

Question 64

Which of the following examples represents deep processing as described by Craik and Lockhart?

A)Repeating a word aloud ten times
B)Attending to the sound of a word
C)Thinking about the meaning of a word
D)Looking at the shapes of the letters in a word

Question 65

You are learning a list of items for a test by relating the items to each other and to information that you already have stored in memory.Which type of rehearsal are you using?

A)Condensed
B)Permanent
C)Maintenance
D)Elaborative

Question 66

If the capacity of short-term memory is so limited,how is it that we are able to remember as much information as we do and transfer information into long-term memory?

A)Long-term memory is unlimited,so we can transfer information very quickly to avoid decay.
B)We use processes such as chunking and rehearsal to expand the capacity of working memory.
C)Visual processing of information in short-term memory allows for deep processing and transfer.
D)The duration of short-term memory is unlimited,so despite limited capacity,we remember this information for a long time.

Question 67

Which of the following individuals studying for a test will be able to remember information the best?

A)Dan is repeating definitions over and over to himself from cue cards.
B)Nancy is trying to link the concepts to examples in her own life.
C)Karen is looking at the concepts in her textbook and trying to recall how they look.
D)Matt is focusing on how the concepts sound to him and trying to make them rhyme.

Question 68

Which model of memory proposes that the deeper a person processes information,the better it will be remembered?

A)Levels of processing model
B)Parallel distributed processing model
C)Information-processing model
D)Three-stage model

Question 69

Maintenance rehearsal is defined as

A)processing the physical features of the stimulus to be remembered.
B)analyzing new material in order to make it memorable.
C)associating new material to be learned with information maintained in long-term memory.
D)repeating some bit of information over and over in one's head in order to maintain it in short-term memory.

Question 70

According to Craik and Lockhart,we are most likely to remember information that we process at

A)a deeper level.
B)a medium level.
C)shallower levels.
D)each level simultaneously.

Question 71

If one wanted to use the best method to get storage in long-term memory,one would use

A)maintenance rehearsal.
B)rote rehearsal.
C)elaborative rehearsal.
D)sleep learning.

Question 72

The first day of class,Sheila asked her professor what the best way to learn and remember the material for the course would be.The professor responded,"Focus on identifying and understanding the meaning of the important terms and concepts." The instructor is advocating a __________ level of processing.

A)verbal
B)visual
C)phonological
D)semantic

Question 73

The levels of processing concept of Craik and Lockhart would suggest that which of the following questions would lead to better memory of the word frog?

A)"Does it rhyme with blog?"
B)"Is it in capital letters?"
C)"Is it written in cursive?"
D)"Would it be found in a pond?"

Question 74

In the levels of processing model of memory,information that gets processed at a __________ level (such as accessing the meaning of a word or phrase)is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a __________ level (such as the visual characteristics of a word).

A)deeper;shallower
B)shallower;deeper
C)higher;lower
D)lower;higher

Question 75

Craik and Lockhart's model of memory states that how long a memory will be remembered depends on

A)the type of memory it is stored in.
B)the place in the brain where the memory is stored.
C)the amount of extinction that the memory has suffered.
D)the depth of processing associated with learning the materials.

Question 76

__________ rehearsal results in a more lasting memory and promotes the transfer of information to long-term memory compared to __________ rehearsal.

A)Permanent;condensed
B)Condensed;permanent
C)Elaborative;maintenance
D)Maintenance;elaborative

Question 77

You try to remember a phone number by repeating it over and over to yourself.What type of rehearsal are you using?

A)Condensed
B)Permanent
C)Elaborative
D)Maintenance

Question 78

An important criticism of the depth of processing model is that it is

A)an incomplete explanation of the working of memory.
B)unfalsifiable.
C)unsupported by research data.
D)falsifiable.

Question 79

Repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as __________ rehearsal.

A)repetitive
B)imagery
C)elaborative
D)maintenance

Question 80

Which of the following examples represents the shallowest processing as described by Craik and Lockhart?

A)Recalling an object's function
B)Attending to the sound of a word
C)Thinking about the meaning of a word
D)Recalling that an object was rectangular