Question 1

Angie's bad-tempered boss wears a particular type of cologne.She is usually uncomfortable in his presence.One day,Angie was at the mall when she smelled the same cologne.The smell triggered a momentary feeling of uneasiness.In this example,which factor served as the unconditioned stimulus?

A)the cologne
B)Angie's boss
C)Angie
D)the feeling of uneasiness

Angie's boss

Accepted Answer

Angie's boss is the unconditioned stimulus because her initial discomfort and uneasiness are directly linked to her interactions with him, not the cologne itself. The cologne becomes a conditioned stimulus associated with the boss's presence.

Question 2

Research has shown that students who are led to believe that a lecture will end in a quiz will:&#10;A)study over the week prior to the lecture.&#10;B)take practice tests the night before the lecture.&#10;C)experience less mind wandering during the lecture.&#10;D)practice visual imagery and mnemonics during the lecture.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that students who are informed that a lecture will end in a quiz tend to experience less mind wandering during the lecture. This is because they are motivated to pay attention in order to perform well on the upcoming quiz. Option A and B could also be true, but are not supported by the given information. Option D is not mentioned in the research findings.

Question 3

When Jasminda first moved into her apartment,the buzzing noise coming from her refrigerator disturbed her greatly.Now,after 3 months,Jasminda doesn't notice the sound because of:&#10;A)stimulus generalization.&#10;B)habituation.&#10;C)extinction.&#10;D)latent learning.

Accepted Answer

Habituation is the process of becoming accustomed to a repeated stimulus over time, resulting in a decreased response. In this case, Jasminda has become habituated to the buzzing noise of her refrigerator over a period of 3 months, and she no longer notices it.

Question 4

Jake can make his sister,Joy,give him her toys or candies by whistling without stopping until she gives in.Because she hates the sound so much,Joy will give Jake whatever he wants.Jake's act of whistling is maintained by _____,and Joy's act of giving is maintained by _____.

A)positive reinforcement;negative punishment
B)negative reinforcement;positive reinforcement
C)positive reinforcement;negative reinforcement
D)negative reinforcement;extinction

Accepted Answer

Jake's whistling is maintained by positive reinforcement because he receives what he wants (toys or candies) when he whistles. Joy's act of giving is maintained by negative reinforcement because she removes the unpleasant sound by giving Jake what he wants.

Question 5

The idea of _____ suggests that conditioning has an evolutionary perspective in that certain associations will be more easily learned if they help an organism survive.&#10;A)biological preparedness&#10;B)natural selection&#10;C)explicit learning&#10;D)observational learning

Accepted Answer

The idea of biological preparedness suggests that certain associations will be more easily learned if they are linked to survival and reproduction, which aligns with an evolutionary perspective. Natural selection is also related to evolution but does not specifically address conditioning. Explicit learning and observational learning do not specifically involve an evolutionary perspective.

Question 6

Joe,a young boy,learns how to make a paper airplane by watching his older brother.He goes to his kindergarten class,where he makes a paper airplane,and Jenna learns to make one by watching Joe.Jenna goes home after school and plays with her friend Nora.Nora learns to make a paper airplane by watching Jenna.This process illustrates:

A)shaping through successive approximations.
B)a diffusion chain.
C)a three-term contingency.
D)stimulus generalization.

Accepted Answer

This process demonstrates a diffusion chain, where behavior is learned by observing and imitating others who have already learned the behavior.

Question 7

Although it is not known whether you have to buy 1,10,or 100 lottery tickets to get a winning ticket,it is highly probable that,if you just keep buying,eventually you will get a winner.In fact,the very next ticket you buy may be a winner.Buying lottery tickets is reinforced according to which type of schedule?

A)fixed-ratio
B)intermittent
C)fixed-interval
D)variable interval

Accepted Answer

Buying lottery tickets is an example of intermittent reinforcement, where the reinforcement (winning a prize) is not delivered after every response (buying a ticket), but rather after unpredictable intervals of time or number of responses. This type of reinforcement is known to create a strong and persistent behavior, as individuals keep performing the behavior in the hope of receiving reinforcement, even if it is rare and unpredictable. Fixed-ratio reinforcement would require a specific number of tickets to be bought before reinforcement is delivered, fixed-interval reinforcement would deliver reinforcement after a specific period of time has elapsed, and variable interval reinforcement would deliver reinforcement after unpredictable periods of time have elapsed, but not based on the number of tickets bought.

Question 8

_____ suggested that rats in a maze don't simply produce behaviors in response to stimuli or consequences,but rather develop a _____ of the maze.&#10;A)Tolman;cognitive map&#10;B)Tolman;latent response&#10;C)Thorndike;cognitive map&#10;D)Thorndike;latent response

Accepted Answer

The statement describes Tolman's theory of cognitive maps, which suggest that animals develop mental representations or maps of their environment, including spatial relationships and how to navigate their way around it. Tolman's theory countered Thorndike's law of effect, which argued that animal behavior was solely determined by trial and error learning based on the stimulus-response association. Therefore, the correct choice is A, Tolman, cognitive map.

Question 9

_____ activity is a critical underlying mechanism in conditioning responses similar to the one conditioned in Little Albert.&#10;A)Amygdala&#10;B)Hippocampal&#10;C)Broca's area&#10;D)Motor cortex

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is a critical structure in the brain for processing emotions and fear conditioning. It is likely involved in the conditioning of fear responses similar to those observed in Little Albert.

Question 10

Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to salivate to a 1,000-hz tone due to its pairing with food.After this training,it was found that the dogs would salivate to a 900-hz tone but not to a 500-hz tone.Salivating to the 900-hz tone is an example of _____,and not salivating to a 500-hz tone is an example of _____.

A)a conditioned response;generalization
B)discrimination;extinction
C)generalization;discrimination
D)a conditioned response;negative punishment

Accepted Answer

Salivating to the 900-hz tone is an example of generalization, where the conditioned response (salivation) occurs to stimuli that are similar but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus (1,000-hz tone). Not salivating to the 500-hz tone is an example of discrimination, where the dogs have learned to distinguish between different stimuli and respond only to the specific conditioned stimulus (1,000-hz tone).

Question 11

_____ occurs when a stimulus is presented that increases the likelihood of a behavior.&#10;A)Positive punishment&#10;B)Positive reinforcement&#10;C)Negative punishment&#10;D)Negative reinforcement

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ occurs when a stimulus is presented...

Question 12

_____ the delay between a response and a consequence _____.&#10;A)Decreasing;strengthens the effects of reinforcement but weakens the effects of punishment&#10;B)Decreasing;strengthens the effects of punishment but weakens the effects of reinforcement&#10;C)Increasing;weakens the effects of reinforcement but strengthens the effects of punishment&#10;D)Increasing;weakens the effects of both reinforcement and punishment

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ the delay between a response and...

Question 13

Classical conditioning is to operant conditioning as:&#10;A)Thorndike is to Skinner.&#10;B)reinforcement is to punishment.&#10;C)explicit learning is to implicit learning.&#10;D)reactive behavior is to active behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Classical conditioning is to operant conditioning as:&#10;A)Thorndike...

Question 14

In eyeblink conditioning,a tone is sounded immediately before air is puffed into a participant's eye.After a number of tone-air puff pairings,which factor is the conditioned response?&#10;A)the perception of the tone&#10;B)the air puff&#10;C)blinking when the tone sounds&#10;D)blinking when air is puffed into the eye

Accepted Answer

The answer of In eyeblink conditioning,a tone is sounded immediately...

Question 15

In the context of John B.Watson's classical conditioning experiments,how could extinction be used to eliminate Little Albert's fear of a white rat?&#10;A)by repeatedly exposing Albert to the loud noise in the absence of the rat&#10;B)by giving Albert a piece of candy when he sees the rat&#10;C)by punishing Albert when he cries and crawls away from the rat&#10;D)by repeatedly presenting a rat to Albert without the loud noise

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the context of John B.Watson's classical...

Deck 7: Web Quiz 2