Question 1

Neurons that pass from the hypothalamus into the _____ are MOST susceptible to stimulation that produces pleasure.&#10;A)medulla&#10;B)nucleus accumbens&#10;C)basal ganglia&#10;D)pineal gland

Accepted Answer

The nucleus accumbens is a part of the brain's reward circuitry and is associated with the experience of pleasure. Neurons that pass from the hypothalamus into the nucleus accumbens are particularly sensitive to stimulation that produces pleasure, such as the consumption of food or drugs of abuse.

Question 2

Which statement about study techniques is FALSE?&#10;A)Distributed practice is more effective than is massed practice.&#10;B)Practice testing is more effective than is rereading material.&#10;C)Highlighting or underlining material has low utility.&#10;D)The use of mnemonics is more effective than is distributed practice.

Accepted Answer

The statement that mnemonics are more effective than distributed practice is false. While mnemonics can be a helpful supplement to learning, research suggests that distributed practice (spreading out study sessions over time) is more effective for long-term retention of information. A study by Dunlosky et al. (2013) found that distributed practice had a higher effect size than mnemonic devices.

Question 3

Using bits of jerky as incentives,Alfred taught his pet dog to first lie down and then roll over.He MOST likely used _____ to teach his dog this trick.&#10;A)secondary reinforcement&#10;B)negative reinforcement&#10;C)a diffusion chain&#10;D)shaping through successive approximations

Accepted Answer

Shaping through successive approximations involves rewarding behaviors that are closer and closer to the desired behavior until the desired behavior is achieved. In this case, Alfred likely rewarded his dog for lying down, and then gradually rewarded the dog for rolling over. The use of bits of jerky as incentives also suggests the use of positive reinforcement.

Question 4

If a girl smiles at her date,it is possible that her date suddenly knows that she probably will return a kiss.Her smile functions as a _____ for kissing her.&#10;A)primary reinforcer&#10;B)negative reinforcer&#10;C)discriminative stimulus&#10;D)conditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

A discriminative stimulus is a signal that indicates the likelihood of a particular consequence occurring in response to a certain behavior. In this case, the girl's smile serves as a signal to her date that she is open to the possibility of a kiss, making it a discriminative stimulus for kissing. The other options are not relevant to this scenario as they do not directly relate to the function of the smile in signaling for kissing.

Question 5

Learned food aversions should occur more often with _____ due to the evolutionary adaptive conditioning of rejecting foods that may be toxic.&#10;A)familiar foods&#10;B)novel foods&#10;C)acidic foods&#10;D)foods with strong odors

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary adaptive conditioning suggests that humans are more likely to reject novel (unfamiliar) foods as they may potentially be toxic or harmful to consume. Therefore, learned food aversions should occur more often with novel foods.

Question 6

Individual differences are more commonly found in _____ tasks than for _____ ones.&#10;A)classical conditioning;operant learning&#10;B)explicit;implicit&#10;C)operant learning;classical conditioning&#10;D)implicit;explicit

Accepted Answer

Individual differences are more commonly found in explicit tasks than for implicit ones. Explicit tasks require conscious thought and effort, making it easier to observe variations among individuals. Implicit tasks, on the other hand, involve unconscious or automatic processes, leading to less variability among individuals.

Question 7

In classical conditioning,a(n)_____ elicits a(n)_____ due to its association with a(n)_____.&#10;A)conditioned stimulus;conditioned response;unconditioned response&#10;B)unconditioned response;conditioned response;unconditioned response&#10;C)unconditioned stimulus;unconditioned response;conditioned stimulus&#10;D)conditioned stimulus;conditioned response;unconditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, a conditioned stimulus (CS) elicits a conditioned response (CR) because it has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus (US), which naturally elicits a response.

Question 8

Primary reinforcers help satisfy:&#10;A)biological needs.&#10;B)whims.&#10;C)animal instincts.&#10;D)instant cravings.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Primary reinforcers help satisfy:&#10;A)biological needs.&#10;B)whims.&#10;C)animal instincts.&#10;D)instant cravings....

Question 9

In the context of John B.Watson's classical conditioning experiments,Little Albert developed a fear of a _____ because it was paired with a(n)_____.&#10;A)Santa Claus mask;electric shock&#10;B)loud noise;rabbit&#10;C)dog;white rat&#10;D)white rat;loud noise

Accepted Answer

In John B. Watson's classical conditioning experiment, Little Albert developed a fear of a white rat because it was paired with a loud noise.

Question 10

The school of psychology MOST associated with learning is:&#10;A)structuralism.&#10;B)functionalism.&#10;C)behaviorism.&#10;D)cognitive psychology.

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism is the school of psychology that is most associated with learning. It focuses on observable behavior and how behavior is shaped by experiences and environmental factors, including rewards and punishments.

Question 11

Jane drinks alcohol because it reduces her anxiety.Jane's drinking is being maintained by:&#10;A)positive reinforcement.&#10;B)negative reinforcement.&#10;C)positive punishment.&#10;D)negative punishment.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jane drinks alcohol because it reduces her...

Question 12

The Rescorla-Wagner model showed that classical conditioning actually involved a cognitive aspect based on the subject's:&#10;A)expectations.&#10;B)generalizations.&#10;C)discriminations.&#10;D)preferences.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The Rescorla-Wagner model showed that classical conditioning...

Question 13

Rachel is training her dog,Duke,to bark every time someone knocks on the door.She already knows that seeing the family cat will make Duke bark;so she decides to knock on the door and then open the door to reveal the cat in an effort to condition Duke to bark.What is serving as the unconditioned stimulus?

A)the cat
B)the knock
C)Duke's bark
D)Rachel

Accepted Answer

The answer of Rachel is training her dog,Duke,to bark every...

Question 14

In the context of the observational learning experiments conducted by Albert Bandura in the 1960s,after watching the children who emulated the adult model's aggression toward a Bobo doll,Bandura noted that the children behaved aggressively with the doll:

A)but did not imitate the specific actions of the adult model.
B)only if they were the same gender as the model.
C)after they saw the adult model being punished for her aggressive behavior.
D)because the model's aggressive behavior was rewarded.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the context of the observational learning...

Question 15

Which type of schedule arranges reinforcement on the basis of average time elapsed since the last reinforcement?&#10;A)fixed-ratio&#10;B)variable interval&#10;C)variable ratio&#10;D)continuous

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which type of schedule arranges reinforcement on...

Question 16

The removal of a stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behavior is called:&#10;A)positive punishment.&#10;B)positive reinforcement.&#10;C)negative punishment.&#10;D)negative reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The removal of a stimulus that decreases...

Deck 7: Web Quiz 1