Question 1

Hammers are used to pound things,which is why many people fail to realize that hammers also make perfectly good doorstops.This lack of creative insight is an example of:&#10;A)blindsight.&#10;B)availability bias.&#10;C)semantic interference.&#10;D)functional fixedness.

Accepted Answer

The scenario given in the question highlights the concept of functional fixedness, which refers to the tendency to see objects as only serving their traditional functions and failing to think of alternative uses for them. People's inability to see hammers as doorstops is an example of this cognitive bias. Therefore, option D - functional fixedness - is the best choice. The other options - blindsight, availability bias, and semantic interference - are not related to this scenario.

Question 2

Interactionists describe language development as a(n):&#10;A)conditioned learning process determined by the environment.&#10;B)innate process determined by biology.&#10;C)combination of environmental experiences and biological influences.&#10;D)result of modeling the language of parents.

Accepted Answer

Interactionists believe that language development is influenced by both environmental experiences and biological factors, such as brain maturation. While they acknowledge the role of conditioning and modeling, they see them as part of a complex interplay between nature and nurture.

Question 3

A carpenter suffered a stroke and is now unable to recall the names of his tools.Which area of his brain is MOST likely damaged?&#10;A)the lower left temporal lobe&#10;B)the region where the temporal lobe meets the parietal and occipital lobes&#10;C)the front of the left temporal lobe&#10;D)the left prefrontal cortex

Accepted Answer

The region where the temporal lobe meets the parietal and occipital lobes is responsible for language comprehension and production. Damage to this area can cause aphasia, a condition that impairs the ability to understand or produce language.

Question 4

The SMALLEST units of sound that are recognizable as speech,rather than as random noise,are called:&#10;A)phonemes.&#10;B)morphemes.&#10;C)syntaxes.&#10;D)words.

Accepted Answer

Phonemes are the smallest units of sound in a language that can be recognized as distinct sounds and can change the meaning of a word. They are the basic building blocks of spoken language and are essential in distinguishing one utterance from another. Morphemes are the smallest units of language that carry meaning and can be words or parts of words, but they do not necessarily correspond to distinct sounds. Syntaxes are rules for combining words into sentences, and words are combinations of one or more morphemes. Therefore, only option A) phonemes is the correct answer to the given question.

Question 5

A president is managing a war that is not going well.Nevertheless,he refuses to withdraw troops,arguing that doing so would waste the billions of dollars spent and thousands of lives lost fighting the war.The president's line of reasoning illustrates:

A)base-rate ignorance.
B)the sunk-cost fallacy.
C)the conjunction fallacy.
D)the principle of diminishing returns.

Accepted Answer

The president's line of reasoning is an example of the sunk-cost fallacy, which occurs when a person continues with a project or decision because of the resources already invested, even when it is no longer rational to do so. In this case, the president is willing to continue the war despite it not going well, because of the money and lives that have already been spent on it.

Question 6

Jasper is 11 months old and has a vocabulary of approximately 10 words.He is able to distinguish between the colors red and yellow.When Jasper's mother asks him to bring her a blue block that was mixed among red and yellow blocks,Jasper immediately identified a color that was in contrast to the colors he recognizes.Which process does this scenario illustrate?

A)framing effects
B)syllogistic reasoning
C)functional fixedness
D)fast mapping

Accepted Answer

This scenario illustrates the process of "fast mapping," which refers to a child's ability to learn and remember new words after hearing them only a few times. In this case, Jasper is able to quickly associate the new word "blue" with the color he has learned as "different" or in contrast to the colors he already knows (red and yellow).

Question 7

Which example illustrates telegraphic speech?&#10;A)over the river and through the woods&#10;B)go up and down&#10;C)daddy drives car&#10;D)turn left and then right

Accepted Answer

"Daddy drives car" is a simple, shortened sentence that includes only essential words to convey the message. This is an example of telegraphic speech, which is common in young children just learning to speak or individuals with certain language disorders.

Question 8

Which example constitutes a single morpheme?&#10;A)headless&#10;B)he&#10;C)h&#10;D)headless horseman

Accepted Answer

"he" is a single morpheme, meaning it cannot be broken down into smaller meaningful units. A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in a word. "Headless" consists of two morphemes ("head" and "-less"), "h" is not a recognizable morpheme on its own, and "headless horseman" consists of three morphemes ("head", "-less", and "horseman").

Question 9

_____ is a type of reasoning that is directed toward arriving at a belief.&#10;A)Means-ends analysis&#10;B)Syllogistic reasoning&#10;C)Theoretical reasoning&#10;D)Analogical problem solving

Accepted Answer

Theoretical reasoning is directed toward arriving at a belief, as it involves reasoning about what is true or what to believe.

Question 10

An interviewer is asking people on the street questions about the mayor of their town.He tells them that the new mayor has a PhD in sociology,has specialized in women's and gender studies,and has published several research papers in peer review journals.The interviewer presents them with two situations and asks which one of them is more probable.He asks them if it is more probable that the mayor is a women's rights activist,or a politician who is also a college professor.If the interviewees pick the first situation,which error in judgment are they committing?

A)conjunction fallacy
B)availability bias
C)sunk-cost fallacy
D)optimism bias

Accepted Answer

The interviewees are committing the conjunction fallacy, which occurs when people believe that the probability of two events happening together is higher than the probability of either event happening alone. In this case, the interviewees are assuming that the mayor is both a women's rights activist and a college professor, which is less probable than assuming that the mayor is only one of those things.

Question 11

Exemplar theory is more comprehensive than is prototype theory because it:&#10;A)compares objects on an individual basis only.&#10;B)compares individual objects to a prototype only.&#10;C)activates the visual cortex.&#10;D)takes into account both prototypical and specific instances of categories.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Exemplar theory is more comprehensive than is...

Question 12

The _____ theory is the classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen,judging the value of the outcome,and then multiplying the two.&#10;A)exemplar&#10;B)rational choice&#10;C)prototype&#10;D)prospect

Accepted Answer

The answer of The _____ theory is the classical view...

Question 13

Patients with aphasia provide evidence that language processing is:&#10;A)specialized within specific brain regions over time.&#10;B)widespread across the brain throughout the life span.&#10;C)localized to specific brain structures in both hemispheres throughout the life span.&#10;D)performed in one specific brain structure,the amygdala.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Patients with aphasia provide evidence that language...

Question 14

The basis of means-ends analysis as a problem-solving technique is to:&#10;A)reword a well-defined problem to make it seem more technical.&#10;B)stick to a systematic plan regardless of any obstacles encountered during the process.&#10;C)search for a way to reduce differences between a current situation and the desired goal.&#10;D)reword an algorithm into a heuristic.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The basis of means-ends analysis as a...

Question 15

A sentence has _____ based on meaning and _____ based on the wording of the sentence.&#10;A)surface structure;grammar&#10;B)surface structure;deep structure&#10;C)deep structure;surface structure&#10;D)grammar;deep structure

Accepted Answer

The answer of A sentence has _____ based on meaning...

Deck 9: Web Quiz 1