Question 1

Early research into the _____ approach to personality attempted to identify main themes in the adjectives used to describe a person's personality.&#10;A)trait&#10;B)social-cognitive&#10;C)humanistic-existential&#10;D)psychodynamic

Accepted Answer

Early research in the trait approach to personality focused on identifying consistent and stable characteristics (traits) that could describe and predict individual differences in behavior across situations. This was often done through lexical analysis of adjectives used to describe personality traits.

Question 2

Freud described _____ as the most basic component of the mind that serves as the source of our bodily needs,wants,and desires.&#10;A)the ego&#10;B)the superego&#10;C)the id&#10;D)consciousness

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, the most basic component of the mind is the id, which is responsible for fulfilling our immediate physical and biological needs and desires. The id operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification without regard for social norms or consequences.

Question 3

When people define themselves according to personality traits,they are using _____ to organize their self-concept.&#10;A)self-esteem&#10;B)a self-narrative&#10;C)self-schemas&#10;D)self-serving biases

Accepted Answer

Self-schemas are cognitive structures that organize information about the self, including personality traits. Therefore, when people define themselves according to personality traits, they are using self-schemas to organize their self-concept. Self-esteem refers to an individual's overall subjective evaluation of themselves, a self-narrative is a personal story or account of one's life experiences, and self-serving biases refer to the tendency for individuals to take credit for success and distance themselves from failure.

Question 4

Which statement is a criticism of the psychosexual theory of personality?&#10;A)It ignores the importance of early childhood experiences in forming personality.&#10;B)It fails to offer an account of how gender roles develop.&#10;C)It fails to offer an account of how same-sex people differ in personality.&#10;D)It offers after-the-fact interpretation instead of testable predictions.

Accepted Answer

The psychosexual theory of personality, proposed by Freud, is criticized for offering after-the-fact interpretation rather than testable predictions. This means that the theory often interprets behavior or experiences based on the theory itself, rather than making specific predictions that can be tested through research. This criticism has been leveled at Freud's theory by many contemporary psychologists. The other options are not criticisms of the theory, but rather limitations or gaps in the theory that have been discussed and debated within the field.

Question 5

Which statement BEST defines personality?&#10;A)It refers to an individual's ability to produce and comprehend language.&#10;B)It refers to an individual's perception of the world based on sensory information.&#10;C)It refers to an individual's style of responding,thinking,and feeling.&#10;D)It refers to an individual's capacity to express and control emotion.

Accepted Answer

Personality is the unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that characterize an individual and their style of responding, thinking, and feeling. It includes a combination of traits, characteristics, and patterns of behavior that are relatively consistent over time and across different situations. Personality influences how individuals interact with the world around them, their relationships with others, and their overall well-being.

Question 6

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)requires test takers to make up stories about different pictures they see,and the researchers attempt to:&#10;A)infer the underlying motives,concerns,and views about the world of the responders.&#10;B)directly measure the responders' patterns of behavior,thinking,and feeling.&#10;C)correlate the results with the responders' intelligence.&#10;D)relate the results to self-report inventories such as the MMPI-2-RF.

Accepted Answer

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is used to infer the underlying motives, concerns, and views about the world of the responders based on the stories they make up about the pictures. It is a projective test meant to elicit unconscious thoughts and feelings. Therefore, A is the correct answer. B, C, and D are incorrect as they are not the purpose of the TAT.

Question 7

Which statement about gender differences in personality is FALSE?&#10;A)Women are more sensitive to nonverbal cues than are men.&#10;B)Women have slightly higher self-esteem than do men.&#10;C)Men are more physically aggressive than are women.&#10;D)Men are more assertive than are women.

Accepted Answer

Research has found that men and women generally have comparable levels of self-esteem. Therefore, statement B is false.

Question 8

Existentialists focused their research on the aspect of the human condition that forced people to:&#10;A)succumb to external social pressures to conform to stereotypes.&#10;B)confront reality,rather than denying it.&#10;C)address events that occurred in the past.&#10;D)act on their abilities to self-actualize.

Accepted Answer

Existentialists believed in confronting reality, rather than denying it. They emphasized the importance of individual choice and responsibility in shaping one's own life, and the need to face the existential challenges of meaninglessness and mortality. They rejected the idea that people are determined by external social pressures or events from their past, and instead emphasized the freedom and creativity of human existence. Self-actualization was also a key concept, but it was seen as a result of authentic self-expression, rather than a predetermined goal.

Question 9

Proponents of the humanistic approach focused on the positive view of human nature that highlights a person's potential to:&#10;A)feel empathy.&#10;B)engage in abstract thinking.&#10;C)use language.&#10;D)show personal growth.

Accepted Answer

The humanistic approach emphasizes the inherent goodness and potential for personal growth in individuals, therefore the best choice is D as it directly relates to this focus. While empathy, abstract thinking, and language use may also be associated with humanistic approaches, they do not directly relate to the primary emphasis on personal growth and potential.

Question 10

Most researchers using factor analysis agree that _____ are the core traits of personality.&#10;A)conscientiousness,agreeableness,neuroticism,openness to experience,and extraversion&#10;B)anger,fear,happiness,sadness,and surprise&#10;C)orderliness,happiness,extraversion,neuroticism,and conscientiousness&#10;D)openness to experience,neuroticism,agreeableness,introversion,and extraversion

Accepted Answer

The most widely accepted model of personality traits is the Five-Factor Model, which includes conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, and extraversion. These traits have been found to be consistent across cultures and are considered the core traits of personality by most researchers using factor analysis. Therefore, option A is the correct answer. Option B includes basic emotions rather than personality traits, while options C and D do not include all five traits of the Five-Factor Model.

Question 11

Shelby attends class,takes notes,reads her textbook,and reviews her work because she believes that it is up to her to do well in school and that she has the resources to do so.Shelby has a(n)_____ locus of control.

A)internal
B)external
C)global
D)stable

Accepted Answer

The answer of Shelby attends class,takes notes,reads her textbook,and reviews...

Question 12

Sigmund is interested in his neighbor Sally but is anxious about his attraction to her because his friends may not approve.Every time he sees her,he acts rude and says mean things to her despite his intense attraction to her.What type of defense mechanism does this scenario illustrate?

A)rationalization
B)reaction formation
C)displacement
D)sublimation

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sigmund is interested in his neighbor Sally...

Question 13

Individuals who are _____ have a highly reactive behavioral activation system (BAS)and actively engage the environment and seek social reinforcement.&#10;A)introverts&#10;B)extraverts&#10;C)conscientious&#10;D)depressed

Accepted Answer

The answer of Individuals who are _____ have a highly...

Question 14

The Rorschach Inkblot Test is an example of a(n):&#10;A)intelligence test.&#10;B)self-report.&#10;C)personality inventory.&#10;D)projective technique.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The Rorschach Inkblot Test is an example...

Question 15

Which statement BEST defines narcissism?&#10;A)It is a trait that reflects a grandiose view of the self combined with a tendency to seek admiration from and exploit others.&#10;B)It is a trait more common in people who are self-actualized.&#10;C)It is a tendency to take credit for one's successes but downplay responsibility for one's failures.&#10;D)It is a personality disorder resulting from low self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which statement BEST defines narcissism?&#10;A)It is a...

Deck 12: Web Quiz 1