Question 1

The five-factor structure of personality is _____ in that it appears to _____ across all cultures and languages.&#10;A)dynamic;vary&#10;B)culturally biased;be inconsistent&#10;C)universal;remain constant&#10;D)general;be different

Accepted Answer

Research has found that the five-factor structure of personality (also known as the "Big Five" traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) appears to be universal and consistent across cultures and languages. This means that people in different countries and speaking different languages tend to show the same broad patterns of personality traits.

Question 2

Lisa decided at a young age that,if she was nice to people,they would be nice to her.This example illustrates:&#10;A)personal constructs.&#10;B)internal locus of control.&#10;C)outcome expectancies.&#10;D)the person-situation controversy.

Accepted Answer

This illustrates outcome expectancies, which refer to the expectations an individual has about the likelihood of certain outcomes resulting from their actions. In this case, Lisa believes that being nice to people will result in them being nice to her in return.

Question 3

According to the trait approach to personality,an individual's trait is:&#10;A)only evident in specific stages of life.&#10;B)likely to change rapidly depending on the circumstances.&#10;C)relatively consistent across a variety of settings.&#10;D)unconsciously defined and is based on socially unacceptable desires.

Accepted Answer

The trait approach to personality suggests that an individual's traits are relatively consistent across different settings and situations. This implies that traits are stable and enduring, rather than rapidly changing depending on external circumstances.

Question 4

Charles,a senior in high school,unknowingly made the decision to attend the College of Charleston instead of the University of South Carolina since it is similar to his name.This decision could be because of:

A)self-verification.
B)a self-serving bias.
C)implicit egotism.
D)narcissism.

Accepted Answer

This decision could be due to implicit egotism, which is the phenomenon where people are drawn towards people, places, and things that resemble their own name or identity. Charles may have had an unconscious preference for the College of Charleston because it shares his name.

Question 5

When an athlete wins a competition,he or she is likely to emphasize his or her hard work and physical talents.When the athlete loses a competition,he or she is likely to emphasize the quality of his or her competition.This phenomenon illustrates the:

A)person-situation controversy.
B)self-serving bias.
C)narcissistic personality disorder.
D)problem of implicit egotism.

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described in the question is an example of self-serving bias, where individuals tend to attribute their successes to internal factors like their own abilities and hard work, but attribute their failures to external factors like the quality of the competition. This bias allows individuals to protect their self-esteem and maintain a positive self-image, even in the face of failure.

Question 6

The two major kinds of measures used by psychologists to measure personality are:&#10;A)naturalistic observations and projective techniques.&#10;B)naturalistic observations and self-report inventories.&#10;C)personality inventories and naturalistic observations.&#10;D)personality inventories and projective techniques.

Accepted Answer

The two major kinds of measures used by psychologists to measure personality are personality inventories and projective techniques. Personality inventories are self-report questionnaires that ask individuals to rate themselves on a variety of traits or characteristics. Projective techniques are designed to reveal unconscious aspects of personality by presenting individuals with ambiguous stimuli and asking them to respond with whatever first comes to mind. However, personality inventories are generally considered to be more reliable and valid than projective techniques.

Question 7

According to the humanistic approach,a major factor in personality is:&#10;A)the self-actualizing tendency.&#10;B)security-providing defense mechanisms.&#10;C)the role of positive reinforcement.&#10;D)anxiety.

Accepted Answer

The humanistic approach emphasizes on the self-actualizing tendency, which is the innate drive to achieve our full potential and become the best version of ourselves. This concept is central to humanistic theories of personality and suggests that individuals have an inherent desire for personal growth and fulfillment. Therefore, option A is the best choice.

Question 8

According to the psychodynamic approach,activities such as football and other contact sports are a form of _____ that allow unconscious wishes and desires to be transformed into socially acceptable behaviors.

A)sublimation
B)reaction formation
C)repression
D)identification

Accepted Answer

Sublimation is a defense mechanism in which unacceptable impulses or instincts are redirected into socially acceptable or productive activities. By participating in contact sports, individuals may be sublimating aggressive impulses into a socially acceptable form of behavior. This is in line with the psychodynamic approach, which emphasizes the role of unconscious processes in shaping behavior.

Question 9

Fixations can occur throughout the psychosexual stages as proposed by Freud because of:&#10;A)the negative stereotypes associated with each stage.&#10;B)the emphasis placed on delayed gratification at each stage.&#10;C)either deprivation or overindulgence in pleasurable experiences at a given stage.&#10;D)the excessive emphasis on self-actualization at each stage.

Accepted Answer

Fixations occur when a person is either deprived or overindulged in pleasurable experiences at a given stage. This can happen at any stage, leading to a fixation that persists into adulthood. The negative stereotypes associated with each stage, the emphasis on delayed gratification, or excessive emphasis on self-actualization may impact a person's development but do not necessarily lead to fixations.

Question 10

The _____ activates approach behavior in response to the anticipation of reward.&#10;A)behavioral activation system&#10;B)behavioral inhibition system&#10;C)electrical activity of the brain&#10;D)functional brain imaging system

Accepted Answer

The behavioral activation system (BAS) is responsible for activating approach behavior in anticipation of reward. This system is associated with positive affect and is activated by cues or situations that signal the possibility of reward.

Question 11

Researchers interested in investigating prior events that have shaped how we behave,think,and feel are probably MOST interested in _____ our personality.&#10;A)categorizing&#10;B)authenticating&#10;C)explaining&#10;D)changing

Accepted Answer

The answer of Researchers interested in investigating prior events that...

Question 12

According to Freud,_____ largely governs the dynamics among the id,ego,and superego.&#10;A)anxiety&#10;B)sexual desire&#10;C)depression&#10;D)repression

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Freud,_____ largely governs the dynamics...

Question 13

Research suggests that when two siblings have similar personalities,this similarity is thought to be the result of:&#10;A)attachment patterns.&#10;B)a common socioeconomic status.&#10;C)common schooling.&#10;D)genetics.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research suggests that when two siblings have...

Question 14

Projective tests are a controversial practice in psychology because they are based on:&#10;A)the interpretation and bias of the examiner.&#10;B)the interpretation of the responder.&#10;C)the implicit measures of personality.&#10;D)physiological responses.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Projective tests are a controversial practice in...

Question 15

The id operates according to the _____ principle,and the ego is regulated by the _____ principle.&#10;A)hedonistic;moralistic&#10;B)pleasure;reality&#10;C)reality;pleasure&#10;D)moralistic;hedonistic

Accepted Answer

The answer of The id operates according to the _____...

Deck 12: Web Quiz 2