Deck 11: Environment and Population

Question 1

"Sustainable" economic development means development that __________.

A)can serve as the sole basis for industrial economies
B)is supported by the domestic economy and does not involve international trade
C)is popular with citizens and does not threaten the stability of the government
D)uses resources in a way that gives them a chance to replenish

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Rain forests __________.

A)are home to as many as half the world's total species and slow down global warming
B)exist primarily in wealthy states
C)are frequently protected from agricultural use
D)are located within the borders of states and are therefore domestic private goods rather than collective goods

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The "tragedy of the commons" metaphor suggests that __________.

A)national interests should be defined in zero-sum terms
B)the pursuit of self-interest will result in the greatest good for the greatest number
C)solutions to national problems will lead automatically to the solution of international problems
D)if individuals act out of short-term self-interest,all may suffer in the long run

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What state currently dominates the world in the production of solar panels?

A)United States
B)Norway
C)United Kingdom
D)China

Question 5

In the 1980s,the __________ on CFCs was the most important success in international negotiations to protect the global environment to date.

A)Copenhagen Convention
B)Earth Summit
C)Kyoto Protocol
D)Montreal Protocol

Question 6

As early as the late 1980s,states had much more success in negotiating agreements and developing regimes to manage the ozone layer than __________.

A)increased levels of whaling
B)deforestation
C)melting of the polar ice caps
D)global warming

Question 7

Which of the following is the greenhouse gas that accounts for most of global warming?

A)carbon dioxide
B)methane
C)chlorofluorocarbons
D)nitrous oxide

Question 8

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)are a major contributor to the destruction of __________.

A)carbon dioxide
B)the ozone layer
C)tropical tuna
D)healthy soils

Question 9

Nonterritorial waters are called __________.

A)open ocean
B)high seas
C)unclaimed seas
D)disputed waters

Question 10

The first UN conference on the international environment took place in __________ in __________.

A)Seattle,Washington,1969
B)Stockholm,Sweden,1972
C)Geneva,Switzerland,1978
D)Nairobi,Kenya,1982

Question 11

Why was the U.S.Clean Air Act revised in 1997?

A)to put stricter rules in place
B)to allow for fair competition from Venezuela and Brazil
C)to act as a nontariff barrier from competing industries in other states
D)to appease environmental groups

Question 12

Air pollution and water pollution are more often __________ problems than __________ problems.

A)global,bilateral
B)global,unilateral
C)regional,global
D)long-term,short-term

Question 13

The 1992 Earth Summit took place in which country?

A)Sweden
B)Switzerland
C)Kenya
D)Brazil

Question 14

Which country has been most reluctant to agree to a treaty calling for specific reductions in greenhouse gas emissions by a certain target date?

A)Germany
B)Ukraine
C)Japan
D)United States

Question 15

The most common cause of the extinction of species is __________.

A)overhunting
B)disease
C)overfishing
D)loss of habitat

Question 16

The metaphor known as the "tragedy of the commons" is widely used to explain the impact of human behavior on __________ systems.

A)political
B)ecological
C)social
D)economic

Question 17

In its drive for rapid economic growth,Beijing had smog levels in early 2013 that were far above levels considered dangerous,and its citizens who went outside experienced burning lungs and stinging eyes.This illustrates the debate over __________.

A)sustainable development
B)the ozone layer
C)collective goods
D)the UN Environment Program

Question 18

The major emitters of greenhouse gases today are __________.

A)industrialized countries
B)countries in the global South
C)countries of the former Soviet Union
D)Eastern European countries

Question 19

How do greenhouse gases bring about global warming?

A)They heat the surface of the earth as they become heated by the sun.
B)They allow solar radiation to reach the earth's surface.
C)They trap heat waves given off by the sun.
D)They create holes in the atmosphere,allowing in more ultraviolet radiation.

Question 20

Epistemic communities are transnational communities of experts and policy makers concerned with particular __________ issues.

A)international
B)sustainable development
C)environmental
D)enclosure

Question 21

How did the industrialized economies adjust to the higher oil prices that resulted from the oil shocks of the 1970s?

A)expansion of oil production in new locations inside of OPEC
B)development of greater energy efficiency
C)rapid expansion of the use of coal to replace high-priced oil
D)a gradual shift to natural gas

Question 22

The use of entirely new technology to maintain levels of __________ is a challenge presented by efforts to reduce global warming.

A)fossil fuels
B)greenhouse gases
C)ozone
D)carbon dioxide

Question 23

Preserving the oceans is a difficult collective goods problem,but it has been solved in part by __________.

A)bilateral negotiations between neighboring states
B)the dictation of ocean management regulations by global naval powers
C)"enclosing" more of the ocean in territorial waters through the 200-mile limit
D)securing economic rights related to ocean resources

Question 24

The flow of what river through Syria,Lebanon,Israel,and Jordan has added to the conflict between those countries?

A)Nile
B)Jordan
C)Tigris
D)Euphrates

Question 25

The largest oil-exporting country in the world is __________.

A)Russia
B)Qatar
C)Saudi Arabia
D)the United Arab Emirates

Question 26

In the late 1990s,which region emerged as a new source of oil,despite its lack of a stable route for oil pipelines?

A)Caspian Sea
B)Southeast Asia
C)Black Sea
D)West Africa

Question 27

__________ is an example of one of the most important minerals to industrialized economies.

A)Platinum
B)Copper
C)Uranium
D)Iron

Question 28

__________ are examples of fossil fuels.

A)Oil and nuclear power
B)Wind and solar energy
C)Coal and natural gas
D)Wood and hydroelectric power

Question 29

The world population is currently growing by __________ million each year.

A)80
B)10
C)50
D)100

Question 30

The potential opening of new shipping lanes as a result of melting polar ice north of Canada and Russia would be an example of climate change creating __________ for some regions.

A)complications
B)benefits
C)conflict
D)new markets

Question 31

What is a key feature of natural resources that shapes their role in international conflict?

A)They are required in the operation of a technological economy.
B)States rarely actually go to war to control the territories from which they are sourced.
C)They tend to be unevenly distributed.
D)They tend to be evenly distributed.

Question 32

According to the 1997 __________,there are binding penalties for failure to reduce emissions as specified.

A)Kyoto Protocol
B)Framework Convention on Climate Change
C)UN Environment Program
D)Montreal Protocol

Question 33

Compared to global warming,addressing the hole in the ozone layer is __________.

A)more complex,because the costs of solving the problem are higher
B)about the same,because in either case the costs to states' economies are very high
C)simpler,because the consequences of ozone depletion are better understood
D)more time-consuming,because of disagreement about the nature of the problem

Question 34

Why did Arab states decide to cut off oil exports to the United States in 1973?

A)to punish the United States for its support of Israel during the Arab-Israeli war
B)to achieve a better bargaining position on other trade issues
C)to demonstrate their power in order to gain leverage over other states that import oil
D)to increase the price of oil to match its value in the world economy

Question 35

Iraqi objections to Syrian diversion of the Euphrates are an example of the concept of __________.

A)rare earth
B)water disputes
C)dominance principles
D)maritime politics

Question 36

The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea treaty __________.

A)established rules on territorial waterways such as the Suez Canal
B)has never been signed by the United States
C)created a mechanism for sharing the wealth created by extracting minerals on the ocean floor
D)provides a dispute resolution mechanism for territorial water conflicts

Question 37

In 1973 and 1979,world economies were highly impacted by oil-related politics,the latter involving the revolution in Iran.These disruptions were examples of __________.

A)oil shocks
B)energy deficiency
C)oil exports
D)mineral shocks

Question 38

The Caspian Sea is bordered by five nations,and a 2010 summit meeting gave each nation a 25-mile zone.Most argue that this conflict over oil resources will be settled by __________ rather than through conflict.

A)environmental security
B)industrial practices
C)energy efficiency
D)reciprocity

Question 39

Which country is the most energy efficient in the world?

A)Canada
B)Saudi Arabia
C)Japan
D)Russia

Question 40

The area of the globe with the second-largest total net energy exports is __________.

A)Latin America
B)Russia/CIS
C)Africa
D)Europe

Question 41

A(n)__________ in Pakistan was cut short in 2012 after Taliban militants killed health workers whom they claimed were using medicine to carry out a Western plot to sterilize Muslim children.

A)infectious disease study
B)vaccination drive
C)democratic transition
D)political conflict

Question 42

Which statement explains the relationship between population growth and per capita income?

A)Raising per capita income slows population growth.
B)Rapid population growth brings about an increase in per capita income.
C)Increasing per capita income generates population growth.
D)Lowering per capita income brings about a decline in population.

Question 43

Global environmental problems are easier to solve because of the small number of actors involved.

Question 44

Most developing countries are in the middle of the demographic transition and have rapid population growth.

Question 45

With respect to pronatalist population policies,__________.

A)they encourage childbearing but still allow free access to contraception
B)governments adopted these policies because population was seen as an element of power
C)increasing population is seen as a problem in essentially every country
D)most developing countries have strongly pronatalist policies in place

Question 46

How does the population of a country at the end of demographic transition compare to what it was at the beginning?

A)The average age is about the same.
B)The average age is younger.
C)The average age is older.
D)The average age is difficult to measure.

Question 47

In the __________,the death rate declined from nearly 30 deaths per thousand people in 1950 to less than 15 since 1990.

A)poorest countries
B)Far East
C)richest countries
D)Near East

Question 48

Countries such as Botswana and Burundi depend on mineral revenues in their economic development plans and to repay foreign debt.

Question 49

States that fail to address nicotine addiction face high future costs in health care.

Question 50

Which area of the globe,barring the global South and the global North,has the largest number of HIV infections?

A)Africa
B)China
C)South Asia
D)Middle East

Question 51

The end of demographic transition is characterized by __________.

A)slow population growth
B)decreasing birthrates
C)high death rates
D)increasing birthrates

Question 52

The __________ Sea was once one of the world's largest lakes until it was decimated by the diversion of its water sources to irrigate crops.

A)Caspian
B)Black
C)Aral
D)Arctic

Question 53

The threat of extinction impacts a limited number of species.

Question 54

In comparison to global warming,the cost of solutions to repair the damaged ozone layer is far higher and the problem is not as well understood.

Question 55

Which of the following is characteristic of the beginning of demographic transition?

A)increasing birthrates
B)declining birthrates
C)slow population growth
D)low death rates

Question 56

In a 2007 speech at Columbia University,the president of Iran claimed there were no gay people in Iran.This is indicative of __________.

A)a view commonly shared between those in the secular West and those connected to Islamic states in regard to issues concerning AIDS
B)the idiosyncratic vision of a particular world leader as concerns issues related to AIDS
C)the explicit differences between the secular West and Islamic states around issues concerning AIDS
D)the way in which culture has little influence on the handling of issues of health and disease

Question 57

Burning fossil fuels is the cause of global warming.

Question 58

The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea puts most commercial fisheries and offshore oil under control of states as territorial waters.

Question 59

There has yet to be a situation in which a state has extended sovereignty to make environmental management a national rather than an international matter.

Question 60

Particularly because of industrial pollution,human sewage,and agricultural fertilizers and pesticides,water pollution often crosses borders.

Question 61

__________ is a type of policy that encourages or forces childbearing and outlaws or limits access to contraception.

Question 62

Under harsh poverty,a child's survival is not assured;thus poor people tend to have __________ children.

Question 63

The __________ establishes rules regarding territorial waters and proclaims the oceans to be a "common heritage" of humankind.

Question 64

Reduced destruction of local __________ is the aim of an international treaty on biodiversity.

Question 65

The use of specific chemicals that damage the earth's ozone layer is now being __________ under international agreements.

Question 66

States have used international regimes and IOs to resolve collective __________ problems.

Question 67

Lake Chad in Africa borders four sovereign states,and each has been drawing on the lake's water for decades,leading to its near depletion.This is a real-world example of __________.

Question 68

Huge amounts of hard currency accumulated in the treasuries of the Middle East oil-exporting countries and reinvested around the world are known as __________.

Question 69

Solutions to environmental collective goods problems increase short-term __________ for long-term __________.

Question 70

Oil,coal,and natural gas are collectively known as __________.