Deck 6: An Introduction to Correlation and Regression

Question 1

In multiple regression, the coefficient R can be interpreted as

A)the percentage of variance accounted for in the dependent variable by the set of independent variables
B)the percentage of variance accounted for in the dependent variable by a single independent variable
C)the strength of a relationship between the dependent variable and a set of independent variables
D)all of the above

Answer 1

the strength of a relationship between the dependent variable and a set of independent variables

Question 2

Given a strong negative correlation, a score that is relatively high on variable x will be relatively _____ on variable y.

A)low
B)medium
C)high
D)significant

Answer 2

low

Question 3

In multiple regression, the R-square can be interpreted as

A)the percentage of variance accounted for in the dependent variable by the set of independent variables
B)the percentage of variance accounted for in the dependent variable by a single independent variable
C)the strength of a relationship between the dependent variable and a set of independent variables
D)the percentage of variance accounted for in the dependent variable by the set of independent variables minus an estimate penalty

Answer 3

the strength of a relationship between the dependent variable and a set of independent variables

Question 4

__________________ correlation measures the strength of a relationship between two continuous variables.

A)Pearson
B)Spearman
C)Point-biserial
D)Phi

Question 5

Variables may be analyzed and studied long after the data have been gathered.Such data are known as _______ data.

A)correlation
B)experimental
C)archival
D)archetypal

Question 6

A Pearson correlation above r +.50 may be labeled

A)weak
B)significant
C)strong
D)nonsignificant

Question 7

The coefficient of determination explains

A)the relationship between two variables
B)the proportion of variance in one variable accounted for by another variable and vice versa
C)the cause-effect relationship between two variables
D)all of the above

Question 8

A ________________ is a graphic representation of the pairs of scores plotted along the x- and y-axes in a correlation coefficient.

A)bivariate distribution
B)scatterplot
C)homoscedast
D)heteroscedast

Question 9

In multiple regression, the adjusted R-square can be interpreted as

A)the percentage of variance accounted for in the dependent variable by the set of independent variables
B)the percentage of variance accounted for in the dependent variable by a single independent variable
C)the strength of the relationship between the dependent variable and the set of independent variables
D)the percentage of variance accounted for in the dependent variable by the set of independent variables minus an estimate penalty

Question 10

According to the text, a correlational analysis _________

A)sometimes provides clues about cause-effect relationships
B)often provides clues about cause-effect relationships
C)never provides clues about cause-effect relationships
D)is relatively useless compared to controlled experiments

Question 11

The ____________ assumption is met if, in a scatterplot, the distance from the points to the line is relatively equal all along the line.

A)homoscedasticity
B)linearity
C)curvilinearity
D)heterolinearity

Question 12

According to the text, what are the consequences of the Type I error in the Mozart effect?

A)benign
B)horrible
C)could lead to mental disturbances
D)more classical musicians

Question 13

The strength of a relationship between two variables in correlation is ________________ of the significance testing.

A)highly dependent
B)actually independent (not completely, but mostly)
C)highly independent
D)the obverse

Question 14

In multiple regression, the ANOVA table tells us whether the three main regression coefficients (R, R-square, adjusted R-square) are significantly different from

A)zero
B)1.00
C).50
D)1.50

Question 15

Abelson's first law of statistics is

A)correlation never implies causation
B)correlation sometimes implies causation
C)chance is lumpy
D)if something is too good to be true, it probably is too good to be true

Question 16

In the study of 30 pairs of scores in a Pearson correlation, what are the degrees of freedom?

A)30
B)29
C)28
D)15

Question 17

In the formula Y = a + bX, the letter b defines

A)the intercept of the x-axis
B)the intercept of the y-axis
C)the slope or angle of the straight line
D)all of the above

Question 18

Milk has been found to be positively correlated to cancer because

A)milk causes cancer
B)drinking milk provides an environment for cancer
C)milk drinkers clearly live longer and clearly get more cancers
D)there are suspicions but a correlation design does not allow one to say definitely why two variables are correlated

Question 19

The _____________ hypothesis establishes whether a one-tailed or two-tailed significance test will be used.

A)null
B)alternative
C)general
D)specific

Question 20

The interest in _______________ analysis is seeing how various values of the independent variable predict corresponding values in the dependent variable.

A)correlational
B)curvilinear
C)topographical
D)regression

Question 21

The ____________ correlation gives an estimate of the degree of relationship between two dichotomous variables.

A)Pearson
B)Spearman
C)point-biserial
D)phi

Question 22

A consumer psychologist wants to know if shoe size and weight are correlated in adult males. She measures the shoe size and asks the weight of 14 consecutive customers. They are as follows: size 9, 176 lbs.; size 7.5, 141 lbs.; size 10, 185 lbs.; size 12, 202 lbs.; size 9.5, 174 lbs.; size 10, 150 lbs.; size 10, 193 lbs.; size 10.5, 237 lbs.; size 13, 248 lbs.; size 8, 159 lbs.; size 8.5, 136 lbs.; size 9.5, 174 lbs.; size 9, 172 lbs.; and size 11, 183 lbs.

-The df for this problem are

A)14
B)12
C)10
D)8

Question 23

A consumer psychologist wants to know if shoe size and weight are correlated in adult males. She measures the shoe size and asks the weight of 14 consecutive customers. They are as follows: size 9, 176 lbs.; size 7.5, 141 lbs.; size 10, 185 lbs.; size 12, 202 lbs.; size 9.5, 174 lbs.; size 10, 150 lbs.; size 10, 193 lbs.; size 10.5, 237 lbs.; size 13, 248 lbs.; size 8, 159 lbs.; size 8.5, 136 lbs.; size 9.5, 174 lbs.; size 9, 172 lbs.; and size 11, 183 lbs.

-The percentage of variance in shoe size that can be accounted by weight is

A)65
B)81
C)90
D)99

Question 24

A consumer psychologist wants to know if shoe size and weight are correlated in adult males. She measures the shoe size and asks the weight of 14 consecutive customers. They are as follows: size 9, 176 lbs.; size 7.5, 141 lbs.; size 10, 185 lbs.; size 12, 202 lbs.; size 9.5, 174 lbs.; size 10, 150 lbs.; size 10, 193 lbs.; size 10.5, 237 lbs.; size 13, 248 lbs.; size 8, 159 lbs.; size 8.5, 136 lbs.; size 9.5, 174 lbs.; size 9, 172 lbs.; and size 11, 183 lbs.

-The coefficient of determination for this problem is

A).65
B).81
C).809
D).99

Question 25

To test for the significance of a Pearson correlation, one must use the _______________ distribution.

A)t
B)F
C) $\chi$ ²
D)z

Question 26

A consumer psychologist wants to know if shoe size and weight are correlated in adult males. She measures the shoe size and asks the weight of 14 consecutive customers. They are as follows: size 9, 176 lbs.; size 7.5, 141 lbs.; size 10, 185 lbs.; size 12, 202 lbs.; size 9.5, 174 lbs.; size 10, 150 lbs.; size 10, 193 lbs.; size 10.5, 237 lbs.; size 13, 248 lbs.; size 8, 159 lbs.; size 8.5, 136 lbs.; size 9.5, 174 lbs.; size 9, 172 lbs.; and size 11, 183 lbs.

-The Pearson correlation on these data is r =

A).61
B).71
C).81
D).91

Question 27

A consumer psychologist wants to know if shoe size and weight are correlated in adult males. She measures the shoe size and asks the weight of 14 consecutive customers. They are as follows: size 9, 176 lbs.; size 7.5, 141 lbs.; size 10, 185 lbs.; size 12, 202 lbs.; size 9.5, 174 lbs.; size 10, 150 lbs.; size 10, 193 lbs.; size 10.5, 237 lbs.; size 13, 248 lbs.; size 8, 159 lbs.; size 8.5, 136 lbs.; size 9.5, 174 lbs.; size 9, 172 lbs.; and size 11, 183 lbs.

-The r value can be reported significant (lowest possible) at p

A)> .05
B)< .05
C)< .01
D)< .001

Question 28

In a multiple regression analysis, the final section of the output contains the coefficients.Which of these coefficients is of primary concern?

A)unstandardized B
B)standard error of B
C)standardized coefficient beta
D)standard error of beta

Question 29

The formula for Spearman's rank-order correlation was actually derived by

A)Francis Galton
B)Charles Darwin
C)Karl Pearson
D)Egon Pearson

Question 30

To test for the significance of the phi correlation, one must use the ________________ distribution.

A)t
B)F
C) $\chi$ ²
D)z