Deck 4: Perceptions and Attributions

Question 1

People often perceive the same things in different ways,and their behaviors depend,in part,on their perceptions.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Repetition is an internal factor influencing the perceptual process.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

According to Learning from Experience: Jim Sinegal,the cofounder,president,and CEO of Costco Wholesale,says that one of his cardinal rules is that no branded item,such as a Xerox printer,can be marked up by more than 14 percent and no private-label item,such as Costco gasoline,by more than 15 percent.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Observation is the process by which people select,organize,interpret,and respond to information from the world around them.

Question 5

Size,intensity and contrast are the only external factors influencing perceptual selection.

Question 6

Selective screening depends upon several factors,but the only one that matters is the external environment.

Question 7

People base their behaviors on what they perceive reality to be,not necessarily on what reality is.

Question 8

Learning and motivation are internal factors influencing perceptual selection.

Question 9

According to the Communication Competency: Hand Gestures,waving the full arm side to side can mean "no" in Japan,Europe,and Latin America.

Question 10

Intensity is an internal factor influencing the perceptual process.

Question 11

A wave of the hand may be interpreted as a friendly gesture or as a threat,depending on the circumstances and the state of mind of those involved.

Question 12

People base their behaviors on what they perceive reality to be.

Question 13

Motion and repetition are internal factors that influence perceptual selection.

Question 14

According to the Communication Competency: Hand Gestures,curling the index finger towards you can be used to solicit prostitutes in Greece.

Question 15

Selective screening is the process by which people filter out most stimuli so that they can deal with the most important ones.

Question 16

According to Learning from Experience: Jim Sinegal,the cofounder,president,and CEO of Costco Wholesale,think shareholders are best served if the company does all it can to hold down costs,including the costs of labor.

Question 17

Selection and organization are the key words in the definition of perception.

Question 18

Personality,learning,and motivation are external factors that influence perceptual selection.

Question 19

According to the Across Cultures Competency: McDonald's Use of Feng Shui,Bryan Carmack,the manager,say "We wanted to make the restaurant a little bit more of a destination.The goal is to maximize our profit by making people have a more relaxed state of mind."

Question 20

According to the Across Cultures Competency: McDonald's Use of Feng Shui,the only familiar signs at Mc Donald's in the Asian community in Los Angeles are the golden arches and drive-through and the menu.Gone are the plastic furniture,Ronald McDonald,and the red and yellow palette that has symbolized the world's largest hamburger chain.Leather seats,earth tones,bamboo plants,wood ceiling and water trickling down glass panels have taken their place.

Question 21

When a man's voice quality is low in tenseness,the personality judgment made is usually that the man is cantankerous.

Question 22

When a man's voice quality is high in breathiness,the personality judgment made is usually that the man is younger and artistic.

Question 23

A key personality factor that influences perceptual selection is conscientiousness.

Question 24

The reasons for expatriate failure are personal and not related to technical competence.

Question 25

When John first met Sue,he was rude to her.Sue's perception of him has been strongly affected by that first impression.This is an example of the implicit personality effect at work in Sue's perception.

Question 26

Personality has a large effect on how an individual perceives other people.

Question 27

Cross-cultural negotiations are an important part of every global manager's job.

Question 28

A perceptual set is an expectation of a particular interpretation based on the person's past experience with the same or a similar object.

Question 29

Person perception is the process by which the individual attributes characteristics or traits to other people.

Question 30

A contrast error has occurred when interviewers overreact to negative information as though looking for an excuse to disqualify a job candidate.

Question 31

According to the Self Competency: Doing Business in Arab Countries,in Arab countries you should compliment a male host on the beauty of his wife.

Question 32

The Pollyanna principle states that people process pleasant events less efficiently and accurately than they do unpleasant events.

Question 33

The factors that influence how a person perceives another arethecharacteristics of the perceived,the characteristics of the perceiver,and the situation or context within which the perception takes place.

Question 34

The five common errors of person perception during the employment interview process: similarity error,contrast error,overweighting of negative information,race,gender,and age bias,and first-impression error.

Question 35

Perceptual defense is the tendency for people to protect themselves against ideas,objects,or situations that are threatening to themselves.

Question 36

The Pollyanna principle states that people process pleasant events more efficiently and accurately than they do unpleasant events.

Question 37

In China the communication style is generally indirect.

Question 38

An expectation of a particular interpretation based on past experience with the same or similar stimuli is referred to as an individual set.

Question 39

According to the Self Competency: Doing Business in Arab Countries,in Arab countries managers usually just run the business at work and do not interact with employees outside work.

Question 40

When a woman's voice quality is high in breathiness,the personality judgment made is usually that the woman is muscular and intelligent.

Question 41

A similarity error occurs when an interviewer is positively predisposed toward a job candidate because the candidate has similar interests as the interviewer.

Question 42

A well-known folk song suggests that we "hear what we want to hear and disregard the rest." This is an example of perceptual defense.

Question 43

A contrast error occurs when an interviewer examines an outstanding applicant and then rates all other applicants too low.

Question 44

The halo effect refers to evaluating another person solely on the basis of one attribute,either favorable or unfavorable.

Question 45

Stereotyping is the belief that all members of specific groups share similar traits and behaviors.

Question 46

A study by Fortune magazine found that,on the average,male CEOs were less than six feet tall.

Question 47

The tendency for someone's actions to cause that individual to think in a manner consistent with those actions is referred to as self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 48

Common perceptual errors include perceptual defense,stereotyping,and the halo effect.

Question 49

Managers who remember that individuals behave toward others consistent with their expectations of them will increase their likelihood of being positive Pygmalions.

Question 50

Pygmalion is the belief that all members of specific groups share similar traits and behaviors.

Question 51

A similarity error occurs when an interviewer is positively predisposed toward a job candidate because the candidate is from a different part of the country than the interviewer.

Question 52

David Barger,CEO of JetBlue,expects that Mark Taylor,a new sales person,will be the poor salesperson.When Taylor has a terrible sales performance in the first month,it's likely the Pygmalion effect has occurred.

Question 53

A first-impression error occurs when interviewers form quick impressions that are resistant to change.

Question 54

The Golem effect suggests that holding high expectations of another tends to improve the individual's performance.

Question 55

A race,gender,and age bias occurs when an interviewer is positively predisposed toward a job candidate because the candidate went to the same university as the interviewer.

Question 56

The primacy effect in interviews causes first-impression errors to occur.

Question 57

A contrast error occurs when an interviewer scores an average candidate too low because he was preceded by an outstanding applicant.

Question 58

The essence of the Pygmalion effect is that people's expectations determine their behavior or performance,but this doesn't help make their expectations come true.

Question 59

The self-fulfilling prophecy is an example of a halo effect.

Question 60

An overweighing of negative information error occurs when an interviewer finds one mistake on an applicant's resume and spends most of the interview discussing the mistake.

Question 61

In the process of impression management,the tactic of self-promotion involves trying to avoid being noticed by the boss.

Question 62

A central question in the attribution process concerns how perceivers determine whether the behavior of another person stems from internal causes or external causes.

Question 63

Individuals often make unconscious attributions in a wide variety of situations.However,they do not make conscious attributions.

Question 64

Impression management is the use of techniques by an individual to manipulate or control the impressions that others form about the person.

Question 65

The Pygmalion effect refers to the loss in performance resulting from low expectations on the boss's part.

Question 66

Bartenders often put their own money in their tip jars at the beginning of the evening to give the impression to customers that others have tipped them.This is an example of impression management.

Question 67

Attributions made about the reasons for someone's behavior will not affect judgments about that individual's basic characteristics.

Question 68

Distinctiveness refers to the extent to which others,faced with the same situation,behave in a manner similar to the person perceived.

Question 69

The fundamental attribution error occurs when observers underestimate the impact of situational or external causes of behavior and overestimate the impact of personal or internal causes.

Question 70

A manager is less likely to give the subordinate the freedom to choose their own approach to problem solving if the manager perceives the worker as a strong performer,because the manager knows that the subordinate will follow directions.

Question 71

Ron,who has rarely been late to a staff meeting,has just arrived at today's meeting 10 minutes late.Under these circumstances,it is unlikely that participants in the meeting will make conscious causal attributions regarding Ron's behavior.

Question 72

The essence of the Pygmalion effect is that people's expectations determine their behavior or performance,thus serving to make their expectations come true.

Question 73

In the process of attribution management,the tactic of self-promotion could involve an employee reminding his boss of his past accomplishments and associating with coworkers who are evaluated highly.

Question 74

The Golem effect refers to the loss in performance resulting from low expectations on the boss's part.

Question 75

Under conditions of low consensus,low distinctiveness,and high consistency,the perceiver will tend to attribute the behavior of the perceived to internal causes.

Question 76

Causal attributions are common when the perceiver observes normal behavior on the part of someone.

Question 77

An individual whose personality traits included dishonesty may tend to rate others lower on this trait as a result of projection.

Question 78

Under conditions of low consensus,low distinctiveness,and low consistency,the perceiver will tend to attribute the behavior of the perceived to internal causes.

Question 79

The extent to which the person perceived acts in the same manner in different situations is referred to as distinctiveness.

Question 80

A manager may be committing the fundamental attribution error if she simply assumes that a previously high performing worker did poorly on the most recent report because he had negative external circumstances beyond his control.