Deck 17: Social Psychology

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT one of the four categories of factors that can influence the effectiveness of attempts to change people's attitudes?

A)the communicator
B)the audience
C)the motive
D)the message itself

Answer 1

the motive

Question 2

The tendency to give too much emphasis to personal factors when accounting for other people's actions is called __________.

A)the primacy effect
B)defensive attribution
C)fundamental attribution error
D)the just world hypothesis

Answer 2

fundamental attribution error

Question 3

An influential attribution theory was developed by ________.

A)Snyder
B)Luchins
C)Kelley
D)Milgram

Answer 3

Kelley

Question 4

Inferring characteristics of people based on their observable behaviour is called ___________.

A)social psychology
B)attribution
C)attitudes
D)personality psychology

Question 5

The theory of _______ attempts to explain what happens when people behave in ways that are contrary to their beliefs or attitudes.

A)social comparison
B)cognitive dissonance
C)opponent processes
D)social exchange

Question 6

The theory that addresses the question of how people make judgments about the causes of behaviour is __________ theory.

A)exchange
B)social-learning
C)attribution
D)social influence

Question 7

The cognitive process of deciding who or what caused an event is:

A)attribution.
B)balance theory.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)confirmation bias.

Question 8

What is the process of explaining why certain events occurred or why a particular person acted in a certain manner?

A)attribution
B)causality analysis
C)ascribing
D)stereotyping

Question 9

A model used to understand how attitudes are changed is ___________.

A)cognitive dissonance
B)the elaboration likelihood model
C)attribution rationalization
D)information processing

Question 10

The fundamental attribution error refers to:

A)people's tendencies to ignore situational causes of behaviour and favour internal explanations.
B)people's tendencies to ignore internal causes of behaviour and favour external explanations.
C)people's tendencies to deal with someone else's behaviour without trying to figure out what made them behave that way.
D)people's tendencies to go along with the majority opinion in deciding what caused an event rather than reasoning it out for themselves.

Question 11

The tendency to base attributions solely on behaviour without considering the situation is called:

A)projection.
B)behavioural relevance.
C)fundamental attribution error.
D)hedonic relevance.

Question 12

Bill thinks that drug use is bad,but he has friends who use illicit drugs and he sometimes gets high himself.Socializing with drug users and using drugs himself illustrate which component of attitude?

A)evaluation
B)action
C)belief
D)moral

Question 13

The media are a powerful influence on our attitudes because they are frequently _____________.

A)rejecting
B)our only source of information about certain things
C)with us from birth
D)entertaining

Question 14

A relatively stable organization of beliefs,feelings,and behaviour tendencies toward something or someone else is a(n)__________.

A)affect
B)cognition
C)archetype
D)attitude

Question 15

Research has indicated that when we set the stage for the self-fulfilling prophecy,we are __________ that behaviour.

A)observing
B)criticizing
C)guiding
D)evaluating

Question 16

Research studying attitude change has focused on all of the following factors EXCEPT:

A)the communicator.
B)the message.
C)the context.
D)the audience.

Question 17

Learned,relatively enduring feelings about objects,events,or issues are called ___________.

A)norms
B)opinions
C)attitudes
D)emotions

Question 18

What is the tendency to make internal attributions when we succeed and external attributions when we fail?

A)self-attribution error
B)fundamental attribution error
C)self-serving bias
D)actor-observer bias

Question 19

Factors that determine the effect of a communicator include:

A)credibility.
B)similarity.
C)trustworthiness.
D)all of the above

Question 20

The fundamental attribution error is based on the:

A)confirmatory bias.
B)need to believe that one can control one's fate.
C)basic distrust that we have of other humans.
D)need to accurately detect causes of behaviour.

Question 21

Any group of people who feel a sense of solidarity and exclusivity in relation to nonmembers is __________.

A)an in-group
B)a dominance hierarchy
C)an out-group
D)a support group

Question 22

Getting a person to make a small commitment in order to get that person to make a larger commitment later is known as:

A)the door-in-the-face technique.
B)the foot-in-the-door technique.
C)the sleeper effect method.
D)the supersales technique.

Question 23

Whenever a person has two contradictory cognitions at the same time,a state of ___________ exists.

A)cognitive congruence
B)nonreciprocity
C)cognitive dissonance
D)identity diffusion

Question 24

The adage "Birds of a feather flock together" pertains most directly to the _______ factor in liking.

A)propinquity
B)numerosity
C)similarity
D)reciprocity

Question 25

Oversimplified generalizations about the characteristics of a group are called:

A)prejudices.
B)stereotypes.
C)biases.
D)discrimination.

Question 26

The notion that "mental patients are dangerous" is an example of a(n):

A)self-fulfilling prophecy
B)confirmation bias
C)attitude
D)stereotype

Question 27

Which of the following phenomena usually involves an excessively negative,overgeneralized assumption about a socially defined category of people?

A)self-fulfilling prophecy
B)confirmation bias
C)attitude
D)stereotype

Question 28

Which of the following is a negative,often aggressive behaviour aimed at the target of prejudice?

A)stereotypes
B)bias
C)discrimination
D)reactance

Question 29

Discrimination differs from prejudice in that it is:

A)unjustified.
B)a behaviour.
C)an attitude.
D)negative.

Question 30

To relieve dissonance,people will try to change _______,so that attitudes,beliefs,and behaviour will once again support one another.

A)the subject
B)their cognitions
C)their values
D)their actions

Question 31

__________ puts people into categories,with each category having its own set of characteristics.

A)Stereotyping
B)Prejudice
C)Discrimination
D)Bias

Question 32

According to research,prejudice is reduced when people must:

A)come into contact with one another.
B)change their attitudes and behaviours.
C)co-operate with one another to achieve a goal.
D)live together.

Question 33

How are proximity to others and the establishment of friendships related?

A)not related
B)inversely correlated
C)negatively related
D)positively related

Question 34

What theory was advanced by Festinger?

A)balance
B)cognitive heuristic
C)cognitive dissonance
D)confirmation bias

Question 35

According to Festinger,the feeling of discomfort that results from the realization that our beliefs and our behaviours are discrepant is called:

A)attribution.
B)balance theory.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)confirmation bias.

Question 36

Prejudice differs from discrimination in that it is:

A)unjustified.
B)a behaviour.
C)an attitude.
D)negative.

Question 37

Even though Jane thought it was wrong to take from others,she didn't want to be rejected by her peers,so she began shoplifting along with them.Jane probably experienced ___________ when she stole.

A)the fundamental attribution error
B)reactance
C)central route change
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 38

Which of the following statements about prejudice and discrimination is NOT true?

A)Discrimination often leads to aggressive behaviour.
B)They are formed from facts and personal experience.
C)They are practised even if it hurts the person practising them.
D)The targets of prejudice often take on prejudicial attitudes.

Question 39

The most important factor in attraction is ________.

A)proximity
B)similarity
C)attractiveness
D)reciprocity

Question 40

Stereotypes can easily become the basis for ________.

A)primary drives
B)negating the primacy effect
C)self-fulfilling prophecies
D)the development of unifying traits

Question 41

To conform is to yield to __________.

A)social norms
B)cognitive dissonance
C)secondary processes
D)response cues

Question 42

Conformity tends to be higher when a task is _______.

A)easy
B)ambiguous
C)clearly defined
D)illegal

Question 43

Informational influence is motivated by the desire to be ________.

A)fun
B)correct
C)approved by the social group
D)in touch with your social environment

Question 44

Following direct and explicit orders of a person in authority is called:

A)groupthink.
B)obedience.
C)prejudice.
D)deindividualization.

Question 45

Normative social pressure is based on:

A)a group's power because of informational value.
B)a group's power because of goal achievement.
C)a group's power because of wanting to be accepted.
D)a group's power because of social stability.

Question 46

Which of the following is a factor influencing conformity?

A)the individual
B)the group
C)the task
D)all of the above

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT a positive outcome of the Milgram obedience study?

A)The subjects learned that they would obey an order to hurt another.
B)The subjects were glad they had been in the study.
C)The results further our knowledge about human behaviour.
D)The results further our knowledge about the power of orders.

Question 48

In Asch's research study on conformity,he found that students conformed to group behaviour:

A)only on difficult tasks.
B)at least one-third of the time.
C)only if they knew the individuals in the group.
D)over half of the time.

Question 49

Asch found that the likelihood of conformity increased with group size until _______ confederates were present.

A)three
B)four
C)five
D)six

Question 50

_______ is a response to pressure exerted by norms that are generally left unstated.

A)Conformity
B)Compliance
C)Obedience
D)Deindividualization

Question 51

Asch (1951)used __________ to study informational conformity.

A)the "autokinetic effect"
B)the latency of response
C)social loafing in a tug-of-war group
D)line lengths

Question 52

When Milgram tested the assumption that the subjects blindly obeyed instructions because they were in a "safe" university setting,he found that:

A)the setting had no effect on the subjects' behaviour.
B)the setting had little effect on the subjects' behaviour.
C)subjects applied greater levels of shock in a non-university setting.
D)subjects applied much lower levels of shock in a non-university setting.

Question 53

Milgram is known for his research in:

A)prejudice.
B)groupthink.
C)obedience.
D)deindividualization.

Question 54

Experiments showing the effects of group pressure on conformity were conducted by _______.

A)Asch
B)Luchens
C)Milgram
D)Singer

Question 55

Studies on similarity and attractiveness have found that ___________.

A)the more similar two people are,the stronger the attraction between them,up to a point
B)similarity appears to be unrelated to attraction
C)complementarity is a more powerful influence on attraction than similarity
D)the more similar two people are,the weaker the attraction between them,due to boredom

Question 56

Conformity is greatest when:

A)one or two go against the group.
B)the task is difficult.
C)the task is easy.
D)there are more than eight people in a group.

Question 57

Asch's studies showed that conformity to group pressure occurred about ______ of the time.

A)5%
B)35%
C)65%
D)95%

Question 58

Giving in to indirect pressure to change your behaviour and thoughts is called:

A)conformity.
B)compliance.
C)obedience.
D)persuasion.

Question 59

The technique used for studying conformity was developed by:

A)Festinger.
B)Asch.
C)Lewin.
D)Thorndike.

Question 60

The Milgram obedience study has been criticized on the basis of:

A)validity.
B)ethics.
C)reliability.
D)applicability.

Question 61

Which of the following is an example of conformity?

A)A soldier shoots enemy women and children on orders from his commanding officer.
B)A police officer beats a prisoner to force a confession on orders of his commanding officer.
C)Passengers move to the back of the bus as soon as the driver tells them to.
D)Stan has thrown away all of his old ties and bought new ones to "be in style."

Question 62

Following the direct orders of someone in a position of higher authority is called:

A)compliance.
B)conformity.
C)obedience.
D)consent.

Question 63

Changing one's behaviour in response to real or perceived social pressures is referred to as _________ by social psychologists.

A)compliance
B)conformity
C)influence
D)obedience

Question 64

Behaviour that occurs when we change our actions or attitudes because of real or imagined group pressures is called _____________.

A)co-operation
B)coercion
C)obedience
D)conformity

Question 65

In the Milgram experiment on obedience,the _________ was a confederate of the experimenter.

A)subject
B)female subject
C)learner
D)normal person

Question 66

Group conformity is greatest when:

A)the task is difficult or ambiguous.
B)the group is all female.
C)males outnumber females.
D)the pressure source is categorized into a unit.

Question 67

The person who conducted the most well-known research on obedience is _______.

A)Asch
B)Milgram
C)Luchens
D)Kelley

Question 68

__________ found that normal people in normal times will often follow orders to hurt innocent people.

A)Solomon Asch
B)Kurt Lewin
C)Carolyn Sherif
D)Stanley Milgram

Question 69

Which of the following is an example of obedience,as defined by social psychologists?

A)A soldier shoots enemy women and children on orders from his commanding officer.
B)People clean their own table in a restaurant that has a sign reading: "Help keep costs down and clean off your table."
C)Passengers move to the back of the bus as soon as the driver tells them to.
D)Stan has thrown away all of his old ties and bought new ones to "be in style."

Question 70

Roles are similar to,but different from,norms because they also specify _____________.

A)what must be done
B)how it should be done
C)who must do it
D)when it must be done

Question 71

Rules that govern behaviour and apply to all members of a group are called __________.

A)roles
B)patterns
C)laws
D)norms

Question 72

Early studies indicated that women conformed more than men.Later research has shown that women's conforming behaviour is motivated by their desire to ________.

A)be popular
B)avoid rejection
C)become the group leader
D)keep group conflict at a minimum

Question 73

What percentage of subjects in Milgram's experiment on obedience actually completed the shock series?

A)less than 1%
B)between 5% and 10%
C)about 65%
D)about 90%

Question 74

Following orders is referred to as _________ by social psychologists.

A)compliance
B)conformity
C)influence
D)obedience

Question 75

Milgram's study on obedience has been criticized on the basis of _____________.

A)methodological weaknesses
B)inability to replicate it
C)lack of real-life application
D)ethics

Question 76

Even though he thought the Canadian Army Reserves' short hair regulation was silly,Ted really wanted the extra money Reserve duty provided to him,so he kept his hair short.This is an example of:

A)conformity.
B)reactance.
C)private acceptance.
D)a role.

Question 77

In Milgram's studies,about _____ percent of his subjects administered the entire range of electric shocks.

A)25
B)45
C)65
D)85

Question 78

According to several research studies,conformity will be greatest among people who:

A)do not expect future interaction with group members.
B)are not strongly attracted to the group.
C)feel accepted by the group.
D)are not completely confident about their ability.

Question 79

In the famous Milgram experiment on obedience,who received a shock?

A)the "learner"
B)no one
C)the confederate
D)the subject

Question 80

What did Milgram study?

A)the authoritarian personality
B)bystander apathy
C)the effects of watching violence on television
D)obedience to authority