Deck 14: Section 2: Workplace Law: Harassment, Discrimination, and Fairness

Question 1

The following three states have been responsible for over half of the total executions in the United States since 1976:

A) Texas, Oklahoma, and Virginia.
B) Texas, Idaho, and Wyoming.
C) Oklahoma, Virginia, and Idaho.
D) Wyoming, Oklahoma, and Virginia.

Answer 1

Texas, Oklahoma, and Virginia.

Question 2

According to the text, research studies find that the rate of sexual reoffense is _____ than that of other crimes.

A) slightly higher
B) significantly higher
C) lower
D) not different

Answer 2

lower

Question 3

There are two aspects of the sexually violent predator civil commitment laws (SVP laws). One is the state's authority to protect the citizenry, also referred to as _____. The second component is the state's duty to protect those who cannot protect themselves, sometimes referred to as _____.

A) police power; parens patriae power
B) parens patriae power; police power
C) police state; parental control
D) coercive power; vulnerable self

Answer 3

police power; parens patriae power

Question 4

Predictions made by psychological experts regarding future violence are uniformly _____ by the courts.

A) deemed null
B) overruled
C) upheld
D) denied

Question 5

According to the text, as of 2013, _____ states and the federal government adopted sexually violent predator civil commitment laws (SVP laws).

A)10
B)20
C)40
D)all 50

Question 6

The _____ is the probability that the defendant would commit an act of violence, representing a continuous threat to society.

A) concurrent dangerousness standard
B) future dangerousness standard
C) possibility of recidivism standard
D) threat/control override

Question 7

_____ was the first person to be subjected to the sexually violent predator civil commitment laws (SVP laws).

A) Michael Crane
B) Thomas Barefoot
C) Prosenjit Poddar
D) Leroy Hendricks

Question 8

Many psychological experts suggest that they are _____ at predicting future violence.

A) excellent
B) very good
C) good
D) not very good

Question 9

In Kansas v. Hendricks (1997), the Supreme Court ruled that sexually violent predator civil commitment laws did NOT violate double jeopardy. Double jeopardy means that:

A) an individual was punished for two separate crimes in one sentence.
B) an individual was punished two times for the same crime.
C) a defendant was tried twice.
D) the convicted was subjected to two forms of punishment.

Question 10

The length of civil confinement is:

A) specified.
B) determined by the legal system alone.
C) determined by psychiatrists alone.
D) not specified.

Question 11

To hospitalize someone against his or her will, most states now require that certain conditions be met. Which of the following is NOT one of these conditions?

A) Presence of a severe mental disorder.
B) A severe mental disorder affects the person's functioning.
C) Substantial possibility of causing significant harm to self or others.
D) A documented history of recent dangerous behaviors.

Question 12

Placing someone in a psychiatric facility against his or her will is known as:

A) voluntary civil commitment.
B) involuntary civil commitment.
C) involuntary criminal commitment.
D) deinstitutionalization.

Question 13

At its high point (in the 1950s), the number of people housed in mental asylums reached almost _____ individuals.

A) 50,000
B) 250,000
C) 550,000
D) 1,000,000

Question 14

An individual who has a "recurrent, intense sexual urge or behavior involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children" is classified as a:

A) sadist.
B) pedophile.
C) dissociative identity holder.
D) cyclothymic-disordered.

Question 15

Cathy is incarcerated because she has a history of physical and mental abuse of her stepchildren. She has been held in custody for an extended period because she has the possibility of becoming violent, which is also known as:

A) extended detention.
B) preventative detention.
C) overzealous sentencing.
D) legitimate sentencing.

Question 16

According to a report completed by Gookin (2007), nearly _____ sex offenders have been incarcerated as a result of the SVP laws since 1990. Of that number, _____ have been released as of 2007.

A) 1,000; 555
B) 4,500; 2,000
C) 4,500; 494
D) 10,000; 22

Question 17

The burden of proof for civil commitment is:

A) beyond a reasonable doubt.
B) clear and convincing evidence.
C) a preponderance of the evidence.
D) dependent on the defendant's prior criminal and hospital record.

Question 18

The movement to deinstitutionalize mentally ill patients was brought about by the following factors EXCEPT:

A) humanitarian advocacy.
B) high financial costs of hospitalization.
C) overcrowding of mental institutions.
D) legislative reforms.

Question 19

Community notification requiring states to make personal and private information about known sex offenders available to the public is a result of the enactment of:

A) Megan's Law.
B) the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG).
C) duty to protect laws.
D) sexually violent predator (SVP) civil commitment laws.

Question 20

Civil confinements are NOT considered to be:

A) detention.
B) punishment.
C) preventative.
D) criminal.

Question 21

Scholars argue that it may be more productive to focus on _____ rather than on predicting _____.

A) violent behavior; prevention and management of violence
B) statistical analysis; historical markers
C) prevention and management of violence; violent behavior
D) dynamic markers; risk management markers

Question 22

Predictive markers that change over time are referred to as:

A) dynamic markers.
B) risk management markers.
C) historical markers.
D) case markers.

Question 23

Because clinicians were not aware of how often offenders reoffend, which is called the _____, clinicians' predictions would _____ the likelihood of violent behavior.

A) base rate of reoffense; underestimate
B) actuarial rate; underestimate
C) actuarial rate; overestimate
D) base rate of reoffense; overestimate

Question 24

3-3.3%; up to 70%
D) 33%; over 90%

Question 25

An idiographic, qualitative approach to the prediction of violent behavior is based on:

A) a specific case study.
B) large groups of people.
C) naturalistic observation.
D) cross-sectional studies.

Question 26

James has a history of violent behavior. Many times, he has demonstrated he has not mastered the ability to maintain control over his own emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. This inability is also known as:

A) locus of control.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-reliance.
D) impulsivity.

Question 27

The predictive ability of more scientific approaches to risk-assessment has been found to be _____ compared with unstructured clinical judgement.

A) less accurate
B) more accurate
C) infallible
D) almost identical when

Question 28

The strategy whereby psychologists predict future violence that does not entail specific rules of how to collect information is called:

A) unstructured clinical judgment.
B) scientific approach.
C) experimental approach.
D) observational study.

Question 29

Static markers of future violent behavior are also called:

A) dynamic markers.
B) risk management markers.
C) historical markers.
D) case markers.

Question 30

When evaluating risk assessment evidence, it has been found that jurors and judges may find _____ more appealing.

A) clinical predictions
B) actuarial predictions
C) statistical analysis
D) nomothetic approaches

Question 31

Involuntary civil commitment is based on what:

A) a person might do in the future.
B) a person has done.
C) the community expects.
D) is available in terms beds in institutions.

Question 32

_____ is a method of prediction that requires that relevant risk factors be statistically evaluated to calculate the probability of future violence.

A) Clinical prediction
B) Idiographic prediction
C) Actuarial prediction
D) Mathematical equation

Question 33

According to the text, rates of antisocial personality disorder in the general population are _____, whereas the incidence of antisocial personality disorder in prison inmates is _____.

A) approximately 70%; 1.8%-3.3%
B) approximately 50%; over 50%
C) 3-3.3%; up to 70%
D) 33%; over 90%

Question 34

Researchers have determined three broad categories of predictors of risk for future violent behavior:

A) clinical, actuarial, and mixed methods.
B) historical, dynamic, and risk management markers.
C) nomothetic, idiographic, and dialectical approaches.
D) ex post facto, false positives, and false negatives.