Deck 25: The Urinary System

Question 1

Figure 25.2
Using Figure 25.2, match the following:

A) E
B) C
C) D
D) B
E) A
Is composed of simple squamous epithelium.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Figure 25.2
Using Figure 25.2, match the following:

A) E
B) C
C) D
D) B
E) A
Filtrate at the site of these cells is about the same osmolarity as blood plasma.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Match the following:

A) Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells.
B) Site of filtrate formation.
C) Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule.
D) Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs
Peritubular capillaries.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Figure 25.1
Using Figure 25.1, match the following:

A) B
B) C
C) A
D) D
E) E
Peritubular capillaries.

Question 5

Figure 25.2
Using Figure 25.2, match the following:

A) E
B) C
C) D
D) B
E) A
Collecting duct cells.

Question 6

Figure 25.2
Using Figure 25.2, match the following:

A) E
B) C
C) D
D) B
E) A
Proximal convoluted tubule cells.

Question 7

Figure 25.2
Using Figure 25.2, match the following:

A) E
B) C
C) D
D) B
E) A
Podocyte.

Question 8

Figure 25.1
Using Figure 25.1, match the following:

A) B
B) C
C) A
D) D
E) E
Afferent arteriole.

Question 9

Figure 25.1
Using Figure 25.1, match the following:

A) B
B) C
C) A
D) D
E) E
Collecting duct.

Question 10

Figure 25.1
Using Figure 25.1, match the following:

A) B
B) C
C) A
D) D
E) E
Nephron loop.

Question 11

Figure 25.1
Using Figure 25.1, match the following:

A) B
B) C
C) A
D) D
E) E
Which label marks a structure at the medulla of the kidney?

Question 12

Match the following:

A) Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells.
B) Site of filtrate formation.
C) Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule.
D) Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs
Collecting duct.

Question 13

Match the following:

A) Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells.
B) Site of filtrate formation.
C) Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule.
D) Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs
Glomerulus.

Question 14

Figure 25.1
Using Figure 25.1, match the following:

A) B
B) C
C) A
D) D
E) E
Structure most closely associated with granular cells.

Question 15

Figure 25.2
Using Figure 25.2, match the following:

A) E
B) C
C) D
D) B
E) A
Almost no water is absorbed in these cells.

Question 16

Figure 25.2
Using Figure 25.2, match the following:

A) E
B) C
C) D
D) B
E) A
Cells that are the most active in reabsorbing the filtrate.

Question 17

Figure 25.2
Using Figure 25.2, match the following:

A) E
B) C
C) D
D) B
E) A
Cells that reabsorb virtually all the nutrients.

Question 18

Figure 25.1
Using Figure 25.1, match the following:

A) B
B) C
C) A
D) D
E) E
Glomerulus.

Question 19

Figure 25.2
Using Figure 25.2, match the following:

A) E
B) C
C) D
D) B
E) A
Cells that are most affected by ADH.

Question 20

Match the following:

A) Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells.
B) Site of filtrate formation.
C) Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule.
D) Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs
Proximal convoluted tubule.

Question 21

In the kidneys,the countercurrent mechanism involves the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the nephron loop of the juxtamedullary nephrons (the countercurrent multiplier)and the flow of blood through the limbs of adjacent blood vessels (the countercurrent exchanger).This relationship establishes and maintains an osmotic gradient extending from the cortex through the depths of the medulla that allows the kidneys to vary urine concentration dramatically.

Question 22

Match the following:

A) Glomerular capillaries
B) Vasa recta
C) Afferent arterioles
D) Peritubular capillaries
E) Efferent arterioles
High pressure vessel that forces fluid and solutes into the glomerular capsule.

Question 23

Match the following:

A) Glomerular capillaries
B) Vasa recta
C) Afferent arterioles
D) Peritubular capillaries
E) Efferent arterioles
Low pressure,porous vessels that reabsorb solutes and water from the tubule cells.

Question 24

Match the following:

A) Glomerular capillaries
B) Vasa recta
C) Afferent arterioles
D) Peritubular capillaries
E) Efferent arterioles
Fenestrated vessels that allow passage of all plasma elements but not blood cells.

Question 25

The path urine takes after it is formed until it leaves the body is the urethra,urinary bladder,and finally the ureter.

Question 26

The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle.

Question 27

Angiotensin II is a substance made by the body to lower blood pressure during stress.

Question 28

If the GFR is too low,needed substances may pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are not absorbed and instead are lost in the urine.

Question 29

The act of emptying the bladder is called voiding.

Question 30

In the absence of hormones,the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water.

Question 31

Match the following:

A) Glomerular capillaries
B) Vasa recta
C) Afferent arterioles
D) Peritubular capillaries
E) Efferent arterioles
May form meandering vessels or bundles of long straight vessels.

Question 32

The entire responsibility for urine formation lies with the nephron.

Question 33

Both the male and female urethras serve both the urinary and the reproductive systems.

Question 34

Blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than in most parts of the body in order to conserve body water.

Question 35

The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal.

Question 36

Water reabsorption through the proximal convoluted tubule is termed obligatory water reabsorption,whereas water reabsorption through the distal convoluted tubule is termed facultative water reabsorption.

Question 37

Match the following:

A) Glomerular capillaries
B) Vasa recta
C) Afferent arterioles
D) Peritubular capillaries
E) Efferent arterioles
Play a role in urine concentration.

Question 38

Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process.

Question 39

Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate.

Question 40

The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH.

Question 41

The thin segment of the nephron loop's descending limb ________.

A) helps to pack a greater number of nephron loops into a smaller space
B) aids in the passive excretion of nitrogenous waste
C) is easily broken and replaced often
D) aids in the passive movement of water out of the tubule

Question 42

The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in the urea content of the filtrate.

Question 43

The trigone is so named because of the shape of the urinary bladder.

Question 44

Urea is reabsorbed in the nephron loop.

Question 45

Hydrostatic pressure is the primary driving force of plasma through the filtration membrane into the capsular space.All but one of the following statements reflects why hydrostatic pressure is so high in the glomerular capillaries.Select the one statement that does not explain the high pressure within the glomerular capillaries.

A) The diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than the afferent arteriole.
B) The volume of plasma in the efferent arteriole is higher when compared to the afferent arteriole.
C) The efferent arteriole has higher resistance to blood flow than the afferent arteriole.
D) The flow of blood is reduces as blood reaches the efferent arteriole.

Question 46

Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption.

Question 47

Obligatory water reabsorption involves the movement of water along an osmotic gradient.

Question 48

Cells and transport proteins are physically prevented from passing through the filtration membrane.This has the following effect on filtration.

A) decreased osmotic pressure in the filtrate that increases the amount of filtration
B) increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries that reduces the amount of filtration
C) neutral change in osmotic pressure with no effect on filtration
D) increased osmotic pressure in the filtrate the draws plasma through the membrane

Question 49

The presence of protein in the urine indicates which of the following?

A) too much protein in the diet
B) damage to the filtration membrane
C) high levels of transcription and translation by the bodies tissues
D) damage to the renal tubules

Question 50

Incontinence is the inability to control voluntary micturition.

Question 51

Having a kinked ureter is called renal ptosis.

Question 52

What is the best explanation for the microvilli on the apical surface of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

A) They increase the surface area and allow for a greater volume of filtrate components to be reabsorbed.
B) Their movements propel the filtrate through the tubules.
C) They increase the amount of surface area that comes in contact with the blood's plasma to help activly excrete toxins.
D) They hold on to enzymes that cleanse the filtrate before reabsorption.

Question 53

Blood in the urine may be a symptom of bladder cancer.

Question 54

The relatively long half-life of lipid soluble hormones (steroid hormones)compared to water soluble hormones is due in part to the way that these hormones are passed into the filtrate from the glomerular capillaries.From the list below select the best explanation for why lipid soluble (steroid)hormones have a relatively long half-life.

A) The large size of the steroid hormones prevents them from passing through the filtration membrane.
B) Steroid hormones are absorbed by target cells before they can reach the kidneys.
C) The relatively small size of steroid hormones allows them to easily pass back into the peritubular capillaries if released into the filtrate.
D) Steroid hormones travel in the plasma on large transport proteins that cannon pass through the filtration membrane.

Question 55

The myogenic mechanism reflects the tendency of vascular smooth muscle to stretch.

Question 56

The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.

Question 57

An excessive urine output is called anuria.

Question 58

Fetal kidneys have the primary responsibility of clearing wastes from the fetal blood.

Question 59

Which of the following is the best explanation for why the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)contain so many mitochondria?

A) Cells of the PCT go through a great deal of mitosis.
B) A great deal of active transport takes place in the PCT.
C) Contraction of the PCT moves filtrate through the tubule.
D) This provides the energy needed to fight kidney infection.

Question 60

Tubular secretion is effective in controlling blood pH.

Question 61

The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.

A) interlobar
B) cortical radiate
C) arcuate
D) lobar

Question 62

If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus increases (vasodilation)which of the following is not likely to occur?

A) Urine output will decrease.
B) Net filtration pressure will decrease.
C) Systemic blood pressure will decrease.
D) Glomerular filtration rate will decrease.

Question 63

Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle?

A) a fenestrated capillary
B) a podocyte
C) an efferent arteriole
D) a vasa recta

Question 64

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________.

A) collecting duct
B) glomerular filtration membrane
C) nephron loop
D) distal convoluted tubule

Question 65

The descending limb of the nephron loop ________.

A) is not permeable to water
B) is freely permeable to sodium and urea
C) contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla
D) pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule

Question 66

Bulk flow of nutrients,ions and water into the peritubular capillaries is the result of all of the following except one.Select the answer below that does not describe a cause of bulk flow of fluids into the peritubular capillaries.

A) higher osmotic pressure in the peritubular capillary
B) increased resistance to blood flow at the efferent arteriole
C) leaky tight junctions of peritubular capillary's endothelium
D) lower hydrostatic pressure in the peritubular capillary

Question 67

If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus decrease (vasoconstriction)which of the following is not likely to occur?

A) Urine output will increase.
B) Systemic blood pressure will go up.
C) Glomerular filtration rate will increase.
D) Net filtration pressure will increase.

Question 68

The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________.

A) produces vitamin D and other chemicals needed by the kidney
B) stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position
C) is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys
D) ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently

Question 69

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.

A) nephron
B) glomerular capsule
C) nephron loop
D) capsular space

Question 70

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the kidney?

A) Extrinsic controls have the greatest effect on systemic blood pressure while intrinsic control have a greater effect on GFR.
B) Extrinsic controls will reduce blood plasma volume while intrinsic controls will increase blood plasma volumes.
C) Intrinsic controls raise blood pressure while extrinsic controls lower blood pressure.
D) Extrinsic and intrinsic controls work in nearly opposite ways.

Question 71

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.

A) when the pH of the urine decreases
B) when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10
C) when the peritubular capillaries are dilated
D) by a decrease in the blood pressure

Question 72

If the glomerular mesangial cells contract,reducing the overall surface area of the glomerulus which of the following is not likely to occur?

A) Systemic blood pressure will be lowered.
B) Glomerular filtration rate will decrease.
C) Net filtration rate will decrease.
D) Urine output will decrease.

Question 73

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n)________.

A) increase in the production of ADH
B) decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma
C) increase in the production of aldosterone
D) decrease in the production of ADH

Question 74

Select the correct statement about the ureters.

A) The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract.
B) Ureters contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine.
C) The ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only.
D) The epithelium is stratified squamous like the skin, which allows a great deal of stretch.

Question 75

If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus increases (vasodilation)which of the following is not likely to occur?

A) Net filtration pressure will increase.
B) Urine output will increase.
C) Systemic blood pressure will go up.
D) Glomerular filtration rate will increase.

Question 76

If blood pressure drops very low (MAP is below 80mmHg)renin enzyme will be secreted by granular cells.Which of the following is not likely to occur?

A) Blood plasma and extracellular fluids volume will increase
B) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) will decrease
C) Net filtration pressure (NFP) will decrease
D) Kidney perfusion will increase

Question 77

Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system?

A) helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume, and pressure of blood
B) maintains blood osmolarity
C) regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones
D) eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat

Question 78

The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium.

A) transitional
B) stratified squamous
C) pseudostratified columnar
D) simple squamous

Question 79

If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus decreases (vasoconstriction)which of the following is not likely to occur?

A) Glomerular filtration rate will decrease.
B) Urine output will decrease.
C) Systemic blood pressure will decrease.
D) Net filtration pressure will decrease.

Question 80

Reabsorption of nutrients like glucose and amino acids takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)via cotransporters that utilize secondary active transport.Which of the following would stop the reabsorption of glucose at the apical surface of the cells in the PCT?

A) loss of Na+-K+ ATPase in the basolateral surface of PCT cells
B) loss of K+ leak channels at the apical surface
C) increasing Na+ concentration in the filtrate
D) increasing Na+ in the interstitial fluid