Deck 15: The Special Senses

Question 1

Figure 15.2
Using Figure 15.2, match the following:

A) D
B) C
C) E
D) A
E) B
Contains only cones; provides detailed color vision.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Figure 15.3
Using Figure 15.3, match the following:

A) A
B) C
C) B
D) E
E) D
The only tissue in the body that can be transplanted from one person to another with little or no rejection.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Figure 15.3
Using Figure 15.3, match the following:

A) A
B) C
C) B
D) E
E) D
Viscous liquid that holds the retina firmly against the pigmented layer.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Figure 15.4
Using Figure 15.4, match the following:

A) C
B) B
C) A
D) D
E) E
Stapes.

Question 5

Figure 15.1
Using Figure 15.1, match the following:

A) B
B) E
C) A
D) D
E) C
Ganglion cells.

Question 6

Figure 15.3
Using Figure 15.3, match the following:

A) A
B) C
C) B
D) E
E) D
Acts as a reflexively activated diaphragm to vary pupil size.

Question 7

Figure 15.2
Using Figure 15.2, match the following:

A) D
B) C
C) E
D) A
E) B
Blood vessels that supply nutrition to most of the eyes' structures (excluding the lens and cornea).

Question 8

Figure 15.3
Using Figure 15.3, match the following:

A) A
B) C
C) B
D) E
E) D
Fluid blockages cause glaucoma.

Question 9

Figure 15.3
Using Figure 15.3, match the following:

A) A
B) C
C) B
D) E
E) D
Controls lens shape.

Question 10

Figure 15.2
Using Figure 15.2, match the following:

A) D
B) C
C) E
D) A
E) B
Consists of a pigmented layer and a neural layer.

Question 11

Figure 15.2
Using Figure 15.2, match the following:

A) D
B) C
C) E
D) A
E) B
Protects and shapes the eyeball; provides a sturdy anchoring site for extrinsic eye muscles.

Question 12

Figure 15.1
Using Figure 15.1, match the following:

A) B
B) E
C) A
D) D
E) C
Amacrine cell.

Question 13

Figure 15.4
Using Figure 15.4, match the following:

A) C
B) B
C) A
D) D
E) E
Semicircular canals.

Question 14

Figure 15.4
Using Figure 15.4, match the following:

A) C
B) B
C) A
D) D
E) E
Tympanic membrane.

Question 15

Figure 15.4
Using Figure 15.4, match the following:

A) C
B) B
C) A
D) D
E) E
Auricle.

Question 16

Figure 15.2
Using Figure 15.2, match the following:

A) D
B) C
C) E
D) A
E) B
Lacks photoreceptors; where optic nerve exits the eye.

Question 17

Figure 15.1
Using Figure 15.1, match the following:

A) B
B) E
C) A
D) D
E) C
Bipolar cells.

Question 18

Figure 15.1
Using Figure 15.1, match the following:

A) B
B) E
C) A
D) D
E) C
Horizontal cell.

Question 19

Figure 15.1
Using Figure 15.1, match the following:

A) B
B) E
C) A
D) D
E) C
Rod.

Question 20

Figure 15.4
Using Figure 15.4, match the following:

A) C
B) B
C) A
D) D
E) E
Cochlea.

Question 21

Match the following:

A) Otoliths
B) Vestibule
C) Pharyngotympanic tube
D) Tympanic membrane
Contains utricle and saccule.

Question 22

Figure 15.4
Using Figure 15.4, match the following:

A) C
B) B
C) A
D) D
E) E
Houses organ of Corti.

Question 23

Match the following:

A) Otoliths
B) Vestibule
C) Pharyngotympanic tube
D) Tympanic membrane
Detects linear acceleration.

Question 24

Match the following:

A) Otoliths
B) Vestibule
C) Pharyngotympanic tube
D) Tympanic membrane
Separates external acoustic meatus from the middle ear.

Question 25

Match the following:

A) Tinnitus
B) Sensorineural deafness
C) Conduction deafness
Can result from the fusion of the auditory ossicles.

Question 26

Match the following:

A) Spiral organ (of Corti)
B) Cochlear duct
C) Vestibule
D) Tympanic membrane
The receptor organ for hearing.

Question 27

Match the following:

A) Conduction deafness
B) Otitis media
C) Night blindness
D) Glaucoma
A condition often leading to blindness due to increased intraocular pressure.

Question 28

Match the following:

A) Tinnitus
B) Sensorineural deafness
C) Conduction deafness
Loss of hearing resulting from prolonged exposure to high-intensity sounds.

Question 29

Match the following:

A) Spiral organ (of Corti)
B) Cochlear duct
C) Vestibule
D) Tympanic membrane
Houses the spiral organ (of Corti).

Question 30

Match the following:

A) Spiral organ (of Corti)
B) Cochlear duct
C) Vestibule
D) Tympanic membrane
A membrane that transmits sound vibrations to the auditory ossicles.

Question 31

Match the following:

A) Tinnitus
B) Sensorineural deafness
C) Conduction deafness
One of the most common results of otitis media.

Question 32

Match the following:

A) Conduction deafness
B) Otitis media
C) Night blindness
D) Glaucoma
A condition that can result from a deficiency of vitamin A.

Question 33

Match the following:

A) Otoliths
B) Vestibule
C) Pharyngotympanic tube
D) Tympanic membrane
Connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx.

Question 34

Match the following:

A) Conduction deafness
B) Otitis media
C) Night blindness
D) Glaucoma
An inflammation of the lining of the middle ear.

Question 35

Match the following:

A) Otoliths
B) Vestibule
C) Pharyngotympanic tube
D) Tympanic membrane
Ear stones.

Question 36

Match the following:

A) Tinnitus
B) Sensorineural deafness
C) Conduction deafness
Can result from impacted cerumen.

Question 37

Match the following:

A) Conduction deafness
B) Otitis media
C) Night blindness
D) Glaucoma
A condition of deafness that may result from otosclerosis.

Question 38

Match the following:

A) Spiral organ (of Corti)
B) Cochlear duct
C) Vestibule
D) Tympanic membrane
The central part of the bony labyrinth.

Question 39

Match the following:

A) Tinnitus
B) Sensorineural deafness
C) Conduction deafness
A possible side effect of medications such as aspirin.

Question 40

Figure 15.4
Using Figure 15.4, match the following:

A) C
B) B
C) A
D) D
E) E
Balance organ.

Question 41

Without a functioning crista ampullaris,the semicircular canals would not function.

Question 42

The structure that allows equalization of the pressure in the middle ear with that outside the body is the external auditory meatus.

Question 43

Precision of eye movement is due to the fact that extrinsic eye muscle motor units contain only 8 to 12 muscle cells and in some cases as few as 2 or 3 muscle cells.

Question 44

Contraction of the ciliary muscle causes the lens to bend the light less.

Question 45

Theoretically,an individual born without a middle ear would be able to hear by bone conduction with a hearing aid.

Question 46

Vitamin A needed by the photoreceptor cells is stored by the cells of the retina pigmented layer.

Question 47

Static equilibrium involves the sensation of linear acceleration as well as changes in head rotation.

Question 48

In order for sound to reach the spiral organ (of Corti),the auditory ossicles must vibrate the oval window and set the endolymph in motion.

Question 49

Ciliary muscles are considered voluntary,skeletal muscle.

Question 50

The anterior chamber of the eye is filled with vitreous humor.

Question 51

Light passes through the entire thickness of the neural layer of the retina to excite the photoreceptors.

Question 52

The bending of light rays is called reflection.

Question 53

The mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and is reflected over the anterior surface of the eyeball is the conjunctiva.

Question 54

Sour taste receptors are stimulated by hydrogen ions of acidic food substances.

Question 55

The neural layer of the retina prevents excessive scattering of light within the eye.

Question 56

The optic disc is forms a blind spot where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball.

Question 57

Sound is generally perceived in the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex.

Question 58

The fluid contained within the membranous labyrinth is called perilymph.

Question 59

The function of the lens of the eye is to allow precise focusing of light on the retina.

Question 60

When we move from darkness to bright light,retinal sensitivity is lost,but visual acuity is gained.

Question 61

Nutrients are delivered and waste products are carried away from the cells of the posterior segment of the eye by blood vessels.However,the cells in the cornea and lens (in the anterior segment)are avascular.Which is the best explanation for how these cells are maintained?

A) The nutrients and waste products of the anterior segment diffuse into and through the vitreous humor of the posterior segment.
B) The metabolic activity of these cells is very low. They produce little waste and need few nutrients.
C) These cells, like the cells of the corneal layer of the integument are not living cells.
D) The aqueous humor is continuously replenished and flows from the ciliary process to drain in the scleral venous sinus.

Question 62

In a person who is color blind,which of the following would you most expect to see?

A) a loss of functions in the rods of their retina
B) an inability to regenerate 11-cis-retinal after bleaching
C) absence of green or red cones in their foveae
D) a loss of their peripheral vision

Question 63

Color vision has much greater resolution than night vision (vision that is mostly in shades of gray).Which of the following is the best explanation for why this is so?

A) A single cone photoreceptor often connects to a single bipolar cell and a single ganglion cell while as many as 100 rods will converge to a single ganglion cell.
B) There are many more cone photoreceptors in the eye than rod photoreceptors.
C) There are several types of cone photoreceptors, each of which enrich the clarity and resolution of vision.
D) A larger proportion of the brain's visual cortex is active during the day when our cone photo receptors are most active.

Question 64

Overlap in the visual fields of our eyes ________.

A) leaves a blind spot anterior to the nose and in the lateral fields of vision
B) is essentially a waste of brain processing for what is essentially the same image
C) gives us higher visual acuity for small detail by doubling the number of photoreceptors that are being stimulated
D) allows us to subconsciously estimate the distance of objects based on the different angles the image strikes our two retinas

Question 65

Flavor preferences,our likes and dislikes are said to have a "homeostatic value".Which of the following is the best example of this homeostatic value for taste preferences?

A) The temperature, smell and texture of foods will influence its overall taste.
B) Alkaloids are chemical compounds in plants that are frequently toxic "antifeedant" chemicals. Alkaloids are often unpleasantly bitter.
C) Capsaicin is a chemical compound in chili peppers. Nociceptors in the mouth respond to this chemical with the sensation of heat.
D) Monosodium glutamate is a food additive that stimulates umami taste (gustatory) cells.

Question 66

The elasticity of the lens decreases with age.This leads to which of the following?

A) less light getting to the retina and diminished visual acuity
B) lowered accommodation of the pupillary reflex and blurry vision
C) a clouding of the lenses know as a cataract
D) less accommodation of the lenses and difficulty focusing on nearby objects

Question 67

Hair cells in the spiral organ of the ear are never replaced.

Question 68

Photoreceptors are modified neurons.However,they differ from most neurons in the fact that ________.

A) photoreceptors do not have fluctuations in membrane potential
B) photoreceptors do not release neurotransmitters
C) photoreceptors are sensitive to energy changes in the external environment
D) photoreceptors will hyperpolarize when stimulated

Question 69

A patient has a loss of hearing in only one ear.Which of the following is likely to be a result?

A) The patient will not be able to localize the origin of sounds.
B) The patient will have increased sensitivity to sound in the unaffected ear.
C) The patient will have a loss of balance with dizziness and vertigo.
D) The patient will not be able to track objects with the eye on the same side as the hearing loss.

Question 70

Select the statement below that is not true with regards to the process of light adaptation.

A) Visual acuity is diminished.
B) Retinal sensitivity decreases.
C) Rhodopsin is uncoupled from light transduction.
D) The activity of rods is reduced by rapid bleaching of rhodopsin.

Question 71

Humans can see several thousand shades of color but have cone photoreceptors that are sensitive to only three (perhaps four)wavelengths of light.What is the best explanation for why we see so many colors?

A) Color perception is achieved by activation of various combinations between the three cone types.
B) Color perception is dependent on the millions of rods as well as cone photoreceptors.
C) Shades of color are purely psychological and learned by association with age, infants only seeing in black and white.
D) Colors are added and enhanced in the primary visual cortex of the brain.

Question 72

Labyrinthitis is a medical condition often caused by viral infection,resulting in swelling and inflammation of the membranous labyrinth.Which of the following symptoms would you most associate with the condition of labyrinthitis?

A) auditory hallucination
B) loss of hearing
C) ringing in the ears (tinnitus)
D) loss of balance and dizziness

Question 73

Humans can smell as many as 10,000 different odors but have significantly fewer types of olfactory receptors.Which of the following is the best explanation for why humans can distinguish so many smells?

A) The belief that we can smell so many different distinct odors is a psychological process referred to as an uncinate fit or olfactory hallucination.
B) The olfactory pathway travels to location in the brain in which memories are formed and we simply mix this new sensory information with old memories.
C) The sensation of a single, distinct smell is a combination of a variety of chemicals that stimulate different combinations of olfactory receptor cells all at once.
D) Taste receptors that are active at the same time influence the subtlety of what we smell.

Question 74

Odorants must be volatile to be smelled.

Question 75

Which of the following is the best explanation for why night vision is fuzzy and indistinct?

A) Rods contain a single kind of visual pigment.
B) Cones come in three types, each sensitive to different wavelengths of light.
C) The foveae are densely packed with cones.
D) As many as 100 cones may converge on one ganglion cell.

Question 76

The quality of a sound is based on the atmospheric pressure at the time the sound is generated.

Question 77

The sensation of loudness or the volume of a sound is detected by ________.

A) high volume sounds can travel all the way the apex of the scala vestibule with enough energy remaining to deflect hair cells
B) faster vibration of the basilar membrane resulting in a higher frequency of hair cell stimulation
C) greater movement of the basilar membrane resulting in greater deflection of the hair cells
D) vibration along a greater length of the basilar membrane, stimulating a greater number of hair cells

Question 78

Which of the following is the best explanation for our perception of color?

A) Rods contain a single kind of visual pigment.
B) Cones come in three types, each sensitive to different wavelengths of light.
C) The foveae are densely packed with cones.
D) As many as 100 cones may converge on one ganglion cell.

Question 79

Which of the following is the best explanation of why it is difficult to discriminate the color of an object at night?

A) Rods contain a single kind of visual pigment.
B) Cones come in three types, each sensitive to different wavelengths of light.
C) The foveae are densely packed with cones.
D) As many as 100 cones may converge on one ganglion cell.

Question 80

If you shine a light into one eye both pupils will constrict.The best explanation for this is ________.

A) sensory input from the retinas of both eyes converges at the optic chiasm and information from each eye is delivered to both the left and right sides of the brain
B) information from one eye is directly and immediately transferred to the other eye to maintain alignment of the eyes
C) a small portion of light always enters the other eye
D) this in fact does not occur and information from both eyes is always separated