Deck 16: A: Statistical Testing of Differences and Relationships

Question 1

Suppose in our sample results we find that males average drinking five soft drinks per week,compared with six soft drinks per week for females.In the absence of additional analysis,what type of difference has been illustrated?
A)none of the above

A)statistical difference
B)managerially important difference
C)a difference of dispersion
D)mathematical difference

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The exact probability of getting a computed test statistic that was largely due to chance is referred to as the______________.

A)p-value
B)chi-square value
C)z-test value
D)median value
F)none of the above

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Samples in which the measurement of a variable in one population may influence the measurement of the variable in the other are called:

A)stratified samples.
B)dependent samples.
C)related samples.
D)constrained samples.
F)nonprobability samples.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What is the purpose of hypothesis testing?

A)to draw conclusive decisions about sample estimates
B)to determine whether there is support to draw conclusions about some characteristics of the population given the evidence provided by the sample results
C)to summarize and describe the sample data
D)to test whether the sample is scientifically drawn from a target population
E)to conduct statistical tests on census data

Question 5

Which of the following is the first step in hypothesis testing?

A)calculating the value of the test statistic
B)stating the hypothesis
C)choosing the appropriate test statistic
D)stating the conclusion
F)developing a decision rule

Question 6

What type of data would be necessary to have when testing for differences in means?

A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)metric
D)none of the above

Question 7

Which of the following is the appropriate statistical test when examining cross tabulations?

A)chi-square test
B)t-test
C)z-test
D)one-way ANOVA
E)none of the above

Question 8

Why is the null hypothesis called the hypothesis of the status quo?

A)It is the hypothesis that will not be rejected,unless the data provide convincing evidence that it is false,thus maintaining the status quo.
B)It is not the research claim being tested.
C)It is the hypothesis that recommends the method of analysis.
D)The alternative hypothesis is operational only in the event of a Type II error.
E)all of the above

Question 9

What is the typical (rule of thumb)alpha level used in hypothesis testing?

A).02
B).05
C).10
D)none of the above

Question 10

What is the purpose of statistical inferences?

A)to fully describe the characteristics of the population
B)to make generalizations about population characteristics from sample results
C)to estimate mean,median,mode,variance,and skewness of large sample data
D)to study characteristics of binomial or Poisson random variables
E)all of the above

Question 11

When do you say the difference between two numbers is statistically significant?

A)as long as the two numbers are not exactly the same
B)if the difference is large enough so that it is managerially important
C)if the difference is mathematically different
D)if the difference is observed over an extended period of time
E)if the difference is large enough to be unlikely to have occurred because of chance or sampling error

Question 12

A researcher is interested in comparing product rating scores between males and females.By drawing a sample of males and a sample of females,the researcher needs to find a statistical test that applies to____________.

A)independent samples
B)dependent samples
C)convenience samples
D)none of the above

Question 13

In most statistical software packages,the t-test is often substituted for which test statistic?

A)chi-square test
B)f-test
C)z-test
D)one-way ANOVA
F)none of the above

Question 14

In testing a hypothesis about means,if the sample size was less than 30,then the appropriate statistical test would be?

A)chi-square test
B)t-test
C)z-test
D)one-way ANOVA
E)none of the above

Question 15

The hypothesis of the status quo is typically referred to as the ______________ hypothesis.

A)type III
B)alternative
C)statistical
D)null

Question 16

What kind of error is being made if the researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis when it is,in fact,false?

A)chi-square
B)type I
C)type II
D)type III
E)none of the above

Question 17

For comparing means,most statistical software packages use which test?

A)chi-square
B)anova
C)t-test
D)beta

Question 18

In a beer consumption study,a researcher makes an assumption that males will consume more beer per week than females;this can be stated in a:

A)research objective.
B)given level of significance.
C)hypothesis.
D)theory.
E)rule.

Question 19

Which of the following is not a step in hypothesis testing?

A)evaluating the randomness of the sample
B)stating null and alternative hypotheses
C)choosing the appropriate statistical test
D)developing a decision rule given the significance level
E)All of the above are steps in hypothesis testing.

Question 20

What is the meaning of testing a hypothesis at an alpha level of 0.05?

A)There is 95% confidence that the observed results are due to sampling error or because of sample randomness.
B)The chances of not rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false is more than 5%.
C)There is a 95% chance that the observed result from the sample analysis will also occur in the population.
D)The probability of committing a Type II error is about 5%.
E)There is 95% chance of a gamma error.

Question 21

Mathematical differences are the same as statistically significant differences.

Question 22

The smaller the p value,the smaller is the probability that the observed result occurred by chance.

Question 23

Hypotheses about frequency distributions that involve one or more nominally scaled variables can be tested using ____________.
A)ANOVA test

A)chi-square test
B)t-test
C)f-test
D)z-test

Question 24

A(n)____ test is a test of the probability that a particular calculated value could
Have been due to chance.

A)P
B)Z
C)T
D)F

Question 25

Researchers must be careful to distinguish statistical significance from:

A)mathematical significance.
B)chance significance.
C)practical significance.
D)random significance.

Question 26

An assumption or theory that a researcher or manager makes about some characteristic of the population under study is an inference.

Question 27

A(n)________________ is a standard used to determine whether to reject or fail
To reject the null hypothesis.

A)Decision rule
B)Common rule
C)Determined rule
D)Assessment rule

Question 28

The number of observations minus the number of assumptions necessary to calculate a statistic equals:
A)degrees of freedom.

A)the Z score.
B)ANOVA.
C)random variation.

Question 29

A market researcher is trying to determine whether males differ from females with regard to the following question: Do you drink soft drinks? Which of the following tests would be most appropriate?

A)chi-square test
B)1-way AVOVA test
C)correlation analysis
D)median test
E)Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test

Question 30

The last step in testing a hypothesis is the development of a decision rule.

Question 31

What determines the decision of whether to use a one-tailed test or a two-tailed test when testing hypotheses to make inferences about a population mean?
A)the sample size and the estimated standard error

A)the standard error relative to the sample variance
B)the nature of the situation and what the researcher is trying to demonstrate
C)the level of significance of the test
D)the sample size relative to the population size

Question 32

In related samples,the measurement of the variable of interest has no influence on the measurement of the variable in another sample.

Question 33

The z-test would be appropriate for testing three or more proportions when the sample size is less than 30.

Question 34

In testing a hypothesis from a random sample involving three or more means,the appropriate test would be a one-way ANOVA.

Question 35

If a particular difference is large enough to be unlikely to have occurred because of chance or sampling error,then the difference is statistically significant.

Question 36

The chi-square test enables the research analyst to determine whether an observed pattern of frequencies corresponds to,or fits,an "unexpected pattern."

Question 37

In marketing research,the basic motive for making statistical inferences is to generalize from sample results to population characteristics.

Question 38

Hypotheses are stated in two basic forms: __________ & _____________.

A)Null & Fake
B)Null & Real
C)Null & Alternative
D)Alternative & Real

Question 39

When testing hypotheses about frequency distributions,nominal variables are acceptable.

Question 40

A Type I error involves rejecting the null hypothesis when it is,in fact,true.

Question 41

Researchers cannot perform statistical testing unless the sample size is at least 30.

Question 42

A consultant has a random sample of 400 usable responses in a database.Included are the following questions:
Household Income Category:
(1)$0 to $24,999 (2)$25,000 to $49,999 (3)$50,000 to $99,999
(4)$100,000 and over
Average Weekly Soft Drink Consumption: _______________________
The consultant wants to determine if there are any statistically significant differences in average weekly soft drink consumption by income category.What statistical test should be applied to give the consultant the information he needs?

Question 43

Researchers cannot perform statistical testing on nominal data.

Question 44

Suppose a client wants to evaluate average weekly miles jogging by males and females.Initially,the consultant thinks a t-test would be the preferred method of analysis.However,the client wants to know where the differences exist among short,medium and long mileage joggers.What will the consultant have to do to satisfy his/her client?

Question 45

Failing to reject the null hypothesis is the same as accepting the null hypothesis.

Question 46

The ANOVA technique requires two pieces of information from the researcher.Describe these two pieces of information and the level of measurement associated with each.

Question 47

A consultant has collected 700 usable responses via a probability sample concerning political opinions.After analyzing each respondent's political ideology,he/she divides the respondents into two groups,moderate liberals and moderate conservatives.Further,the consultant asks respondents the following:
How likely are you to vote for increasing property taxes in the next election?
(1)very unlikely (2)somewhat unlikely (3)undecided
(4)somewhat likely (5)very likely
The consultant wants to determine if the moderate conservatives differ significantly from moderate liberals concerning how they'll vote on the property tax issue in the next election.How should the data be analyzed?

Question 48

The hypothesis test of proportions is a test to determine whether the difference
between two proportions is greater than would be expected because of sampling
error.

Question 49

ANOVA is used to analyze the differences of more than 2 means.

Question 50

A p value of .285 would be acceptable for a research analyst to reject the null hypothesis.

Question 51

The issue of whether certain measurements are different from one another is central to many questions of critical interest to marketing managers.

Question 52

Illustrate a situation when is it more appropriate to use an Anova test rather than a
crosstabulation with the chi-square test.

Question 53

Researchers very rarely know the population mean.

Question 54

ANOVA is a statistical technique that permits the researcher to determine whether the variability among or across the independent sample means is greater than expected because of sampling error.

Question 55

There are fewer statistics available for analyzing nominal data than there are for analyzing metric data.

Question 56

In the decision that the null hypothesis is accepted,there must be enough evidence in the data that the alternative hypothesis is correct.

Question 57

If the alternative hypothesis is supported,the researcher concludes there are significant differences in the phenomenon being measured.