Deck 19: Patterns of Chromosome Inheritance

Question 1

In a karyotype,the chromosomes are arranged in order from

A) largest to smallest, with the sex chromosomes at the end.
B) smallest to largest, with the sex chromosomes at the end.
C) largest to smallest, including the sex chromosomes.
D) smallest to largest, including the sex chromosomes.
E) sex chromosomes first and then smallest to the largest.

Answer 1

largest to smallest, with the sex chromosomes at the end.

Question 2

List the stages of interphase and the events that occur during each of these stages.

Answer 2

G₁ stage: The cell grows and returns to normal size and resumes its functions.The cell organelles double and the cell accumulates the materials needed for DNA synthesis.
S stage: The DNA is copied (replicated/duplicated)
G₂ stage: The cell synthesizes the proteins needed for cell division.

Question 3

List the stages of mitosis and explain the key events during each of the stages.

Answer 3

Prophase: Centrosomes outside the nucleus have duplicated and move towards opposite sides of the cell.Spindle fibers appear.The nuclear envelope begins to fragment.Chromosomes condense and become visible under a light microscopE
Metaphase: The chromosomes are now at the equator of the cell.
Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart,becoming full-fledged chromosomes.
Telophase: The chromosomes arrive at the poles and then become indistinct chromatin.The spindles disappear as the nuclear envelope reassembles.

Question 4

In which two phases of mitosis does the nuclear membrane appear or disappear?

A) prophase and metaphase
B) metaphase and anaphase
C) prophase and anaphase
D) anaphase and telophase
E) prophase and telophase

Question 5

Suppose that nondisjunction occurs during meiosis II in oogenesis,and each of the resulting four cells is fertilized with a normal sperm (imagine four functional egg cells result from oogenesis).How many cells are normal and how many have a chromosomal trisomy?

A) one, three
B) two, two
C) three, one
D) two, one
E) one, two

Question 6

How are mitosis and cytokinesis alike?

A) Both involve the nucleus.
B) Both involve mitochondria.
C) Both involve division.
D) Both involve apoptosis.
E) Both involve DNA synthesis.

Question 7

How many chromosome pairs does a human have?

A) 23
B) 25
C) 46
D) 50
E) 92

Question 8

The centromere is the structure that holds the chromatids together.

Question 9

From a karyotype,you could tell all of the following about the cell except whether

A) a fusion of two chromosomes had occurred.
B) a translocation had occurred between two chromosomes.
C) one chromosome was missing.
D) there were three copies of a chromosome present.
E) a particular gene contained a mutation.

Question 10

In humans,how many of the chromosomes are autosomes?

A) 22 pairs
B) 22
C) 1 pair
D) 46
E) 23 pairs

Question 11

Which cells cannot be used to produce a karyotype?

A) white blood cells
B) red blood cells
C) epithelial cells
D) smooth muscle cells
E) skeletal muscle cells

Question 12

DNA is found in association with proteins within the cell.What is the term for this DNA-protein complex?

A) chromatin
B) nucleus
C) karyotype
D) centromere
E) chromatids

Question 13

How long does it take to proceed from prophase I to metaphase I in oogenesis?

A) One follows directly after the other.
B) There is usually a pause of about 1 hour.
C) It varies, but on the order of years.
D) There is a pause for a day.
E) There is a pause for about a month.

Question 14

In what way is spermatogenesis similar to oogenesis?

A) Both occur continuously from puberty on.
B) Both result in four daughter cells.
C) Both result in cells with half the diploid chromosome number.
D) Both are arrested in prophase I.
E) Both result in one or two polar bodies.

Question 15

How are Jacobs and Klinefelter syndromes alike?

A) Both have only two X chromosomes.
B) Both have only two Y chromosomes.
C) Both have three sex chromosomes.
D) Both have one sex chromosome.
E) Both have only 45 chromosomes.

Question 16

In a karyotype it can be seen that a homologous pair of duplicated chromosomes will contain how many chromatids?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
E) six

Question 17

How are G₁ and G₂ different?

A) The cell copies its DNA during G₁ but not G₂.
B) The cell does not grow during G₁ but doubles its organelles in G₂.
C) In G₁, the cell prepares to synthesize its DNA and in G₂, it synthesizes the proteins needed for cell division.
D) The cell spends much more time in G₂ than in G₁.
E) Mitosis occurs during G₁ but not during G₂.

Question 18

What is the structure that holds the chromatids together?

A) centromere
B) chromatin
C) chromosomes
D) karyotype
E) none of these

Question 19

If a cell has four pairs of chromosomes,after mitosis each daughter cell will have how many chromosomes?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 8
D) 16
E) 32

Question 20

In a karyotype of duplicated chromosomes,each chromosome contains two sister chromatids.

Question 21

Two sister chromatids are held together at the

A) centromere.
B) spindle.
C) aster.
D) telomere.
E) autosome.

Question 22

What structure is not divided during cytokinesis?

A) chromosome
B) cell membrane
C) cell wall
D) cytoplasm
E) endoplasmic reticulum

Question 23

What are the two main divisions of the cell cycle?

A) apoptosis and interphase
B) mitosis and cytokinesis
C) nucleus and cytoplasm
D) mitosis and meiosis
E) interphase and cell division

Question 24

How do proto-oncogenes affect the cell cycle?

A) stimulate it
B) inhibit it
C) they do not affect the cell cycle
D) they cause it to temporarily pause and then rapidly accelerate
E) they rapidly accelerate it and then cause it to pause

Question 25

The amount of time the cell takes for interphase is approximately 1 hour,plus or minus about 5 minutes.

Question 26

External signals,such as hormones and growth factors,can stimulate a cell to go through the cell cycle.

Question 27

Which of the following is part of the mitotic spindle?

A) sister chromatid
B) nucleolus
C) nuclear membrane
D) aster
E) centromere

Question 28

What happens at the G₂ checkpoint?

A) The cell makes a commitment to divide.
B) The cell receives external signals to divide.
C) The cell checks that the DNA has replicated.
D) The cell makes sure the chromosomes are lined up correctly.
E) The cell enters G₀.

Question 29

At which stage of mitosis do the chromsomes look like the letter "V"?

A) prophase
B) metaphase
C) anaphase
D) telophase
E) cytokinesis

Question 30

When a child is born,mitosis ceases to function.

Question 31

What structures are divided during cytokinesis?

A) cytoplasm and organelles
B) cytoplasm and chromosomes
C) cell membrane and chromatin
D) nuclei
E) none of these

Question 32

At what stage of mitosis do sister chromatids become full-fledged chromosomes?

A) prophase
B) metaphase
C) anaphase
D) telophase
E) cytokinesis

Question 33

At which stage of mitosis do you first see the chromosomes appearing?

A) prophase
B) metaphase
C) anaphase
D) telophase
E) cytokinesis

Question 34

Following mitosis,the daughter cells are identical to the parent cell.

Question 35

Which of the following is not a stage of interphase?

A) cytokinesis
B) G₁
C) G₂
D) S

Question 36

Which of the following is not a stage of mitosis?

A) interphase
B) prophase
C) metaphase
D) anaphase
E) telophase

Question 37

Cytokinesis is the division of the _____.

A) cytoplasm
B) nucleus
C) chromosome
D) chromatin
E) zygote

Question 38

When does a chromosome go from one chromatid to two sister chromatids?

A) during the G₁ phase of interphase
B) during the S phase of interphase
C) during the G₂ phase of interphase
D) during mitosis
E) during cytokinesis

Question 39

At what two checkpoints does the cell check for the integrity of the DNA?

A) G₁ and G₂
B) G₁ and mitotic
C) G₂ and mitotic
D) cytokinesis and G₂
E) G₁ and cytokinesis

Question 40

Which stage comes directly after interphase?

A) mitosis
B) cytokinesis
C) G₁
D) S
E) G₂

Question 41

If there are four pairs of chromosomes,how many different combinations of chromosomes are possible?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 8
D) 16
E) 32

Question 42

There is no mechanism to ensure the exact partitioning of the cytoplasm as there is of the DNA.

Question 43

Which aspect of the cytoskeleton is involved in the cleavage furrow?

A) microtubules
B) intermediate filaments
C) actin filaments
D) centrioles
E) spindle fibers

Question 44

Genetic variation is useful to evolution because environments change.

Question 45

Which division of meiosis is like mitosis?

A) meiosis I
B) meiosis II
C) G₁
D) S
E) G₂

Question 46

If you are looking at a cell in which 2n = 16,and there appear to be 8 structures lined up at the metaphase plate,then you are looking at

A) mitosis.
B) meiosis.
C) interphase.
D) G₂.
E) G₁.

Question 47

Independent alignment creates genetic variation.This is associated with which stage of meiosis?

A) prophase I
B) metaphase I
C) prophase II
D) metaphase II
E) anaphase II

Question 48

In meiosis how many divisions occur and how many daughter cells are created?

A) one, two
B) one, four
C) two, two
D) two, four
E) two, eight

Question 49

If an organism does not undergo meiosis,then it cannot undergo sexual reproduction.

Question 50

List the stages of meiosis I and explain the events that occur during each stage.

Question 51

In both spermatogenesis and oogenesis,one sperm/egg forms from one primary spermatocyte/oocyte.

Question 52

If the parent cell has 24 chromosomes,and each of the daughter cells has 24 chromosomes,then the cell has undergone

A) mitosis.
B) meiosis I.
C) meiosis II.
D) G₁
E) none of these

Question 53

When do the centromeres divide in meiosis?

A) prophase I
B) prophase II
C) anaphase I
D) anaphase II
E) telophase I

Question 54

In what stage of meiosis does synapsis occur?

A) prophase I
B) prophase II
C) metaphase I
D) metaphase II
E) anaphase I

Question 55

If an organism has four pairs of chromosomes,after meiosis,the daughter cells will contain how many chromosomes?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 8
D) 16
E) 32

Question 56

During which phase of meiosis will the homologous chromosomes pair up?

A) prophase I
B) prophase II
C) anaphase I
D) telophase II
E) metaphase I

Question 57

Which phase of meiosis matches those of mitosis in regards to the events occurring in the cell?

A) anaphase II and anaphase
B) anaphase I and prophase
C) metaphase I and prophase
D) telophase II and telophase
E) None of the phases of meiosis will match up with mitosis.

Question 58

How many cells are produced as the result of meiosis and mitosis?

A) four, two
B) two, two
C) two, four
D) four, four
E) it varies each time the cells go through meiosis and mitosis

Question 59

In which stage of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate from each other?

A) metaphase I
B) metaphase II
C) anaphase I
D) anaphase II
E) interkinesis

Question 60

Sexual reproduction introduces more genetic variation than does asexual reproduction.

Question 61

If the secondary oocyte is not fertilized,it does not complete meiosis II.

Question 62

In a translocation,all of the DNA is present,and there is only one copy of each piece.

Question 63

The products of meiosis I in spermatogenesis are

A) primary spermatocytes.
B) secondary spermatocytes.
C) spermatids.
D) spermatazoa.
E) two identical cells.

Question 64

All the products of oogenesis are equal in size and content.

Question 65

Which chromosomal mutation will cause Williams syndrome?

A) deletion
B) duplication
C) inversion
D) translocation
E) trisomy

Question 66

If nondisjunction occurs during meiosis II (to one of the cells resulting from meiosis I),how many of the final four products will be abnormal?

A) two
B) four
C) none
D) one
E) three

Question 67

Which of the following is not a symptom of Down syndrome?

A) short stature
B) eyelid fold
C) flat face
D) stubby fingers
E) indeterminate genitalia

Question 68

Which of the following syndromes has a karyotype with a missing X chromosome?

A) Turner syndrome
B) Klinefelter syndrome
C) Jacobs syndrome
D) Down syndrome
E) Williams syndrome

Question 69

Trisomy of which pair of chromosomes has the greatest chance of survival?

A) XX
B) pair 13
C) pair 8
D) pair 3
E) pair 15

Question 70

Which of the following is associated with mental retardation in Down syndrome?

A) elevated levels of purines in the blood
B) increased tendency toward leukemia
C) increased tendency toward cataracts
D) accelerated rate of aging
E) thickening of the muscles of the tongue

Question 71

If nondisjunction occurs during meiosis I,how many of the final four products will be abnormal?

A) one
B) two
C) four
D) three
E) none

Question 72

What is the genetic makeup of an individual who has inherited Jacobs syndrome?

A) XYY
B) XXX
C) XXY
D) XO
E) none of these

Question 73

Which type of change in chromosome structure characterizes cri du chat syndrome?

A) deletion
B) duplication
C) translocation
D) inversion
E) trisomy