Deck 5: The Dynamic Cell

Question 1

Considering the ATP cycle, which of the following would have the most potential energy to perform work for cell activities?

A) ATP
B) ADP
C) adenosine
D) AMP
E) H⁺ ions

Answer 1

A
Explanation: ATP has three phosphate groups that readily release their energy. The amount released is enough for many biological purposes. ADP and AMP though more stable than ATP are lower in potential energy. Adenosine is the nitrogenous base that helps to create the ATP molecule.

Question 2

Which of the following shows the flow of energy at the cellular level through the biosphere?

A) solar energy - mitochondria - chloroplast
B) chloroplast - solar energy - mitochondria
C) solar energy - chloroplast - mitochondria
D) mitochondria - solar energy - chloroplast
E) chloroplast - mitochondria - solar energy

Answer 2

C
Explanation: Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy of nutrient molecules. The mitochondria than convert this chemical energy to ATP molecules which cells use to perform work.

Question 3

Osmosis includes ________.

A) a semi-permeable membrane
B) transport proteins
C) the diffusion of water
D) both the diffusion of water and a semi-permeable membrane
E) both a semi-permeable membrane and transport proteins

Answer 3

D
Explanation: Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called osmosis. No transport proteins are required to accomplish this form of passive transport.

Question 4

The figure below demonstrates which key concept regarding cell activities?

A) coupled reactions
B) the 1^st law of thermodynamics
C) enzyme inhibition
D) receptor mediated endocytosis
E) active transport

Question 5

Simple diffusion across a plasma membrane is called passive transport because it ________.

A) requires transport proteins
B) requires energy from the cell
C) does not require energy from the cell
D) does not require control by the nucleus
E) moves molecules from low to high concentration

Question 6

Identify which of the following statements is

A) ATP is formed when energy is released during cell respiration.
B) When ATP becomes ADP + P, the amount of energy released is enough for a biological purpose.
C) ATP is comprised of a sugar, base, and two phosphate groups.
D) ATP contains the energy form used for cellular work.
E) ADP is low in potential energy.

Question 7

Which is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy?

A) an apple made up of energy-rich macromolecules
B) a firefly using light flashes to attract a mate
C) a skier at the bottom of a hill
D) a pile of leaves that have been burnt
E) a candle giving off light

Question 8

ATP releases energy when ________.

A) a ribose is added
B) adenine is removed
C) a phosphate is removed
D) deoxyribose is added
E) sunlight strikes it

Question 9

Simple diffusion of molecules occurs ________.

A) from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration
B) in non-living systems as well as living systems
C) across plasma membranes only through transport proteins
D) until those molecules are more highly concentrated on one side of the plasma membrane
E) only in molecules that are in gaseous state

Question 10

The part of the enzyme into which the substrate fits is called the ________.

A) feedback site
B) active site
C) substrate location
D) inhibitor
E) solute

Question 11

The figure below represents a metabolic pathway, what happens if Enzyme₂ is defective and non-functional?

A) Product Z would increase in amount.
B) Substrate Y would not be metabolized.
C) Substrate X would not be metabolized.
D) Substrate X would increase in amount.
E) Substrate X is destroyed.

Question 12

When a car burns gasoline, much of the energy is in the form of heat as the car is driven. Which of the following best describes this in relation to the 1^st law of thermodynamics?

A) Energy is conserved.
B) Energy can be changed from one form to another.
C) Energy is often destroyed.
D) All energy comes from the sun.
E) Energy is always used up in reactions.

Question 13

Molecules move from greater to lesser concentration through a transport protein in ________.

A) simple diffusion
B) facilitated diffusion
C) pinocytosis
D) active transport
E) phagocytosis

Question 14

Which of the following terms best describes entropy?

A) order
B) disorder
C) potential energy
D) kinetic energy
E) energy conversions

Question 15

Energy of activation ________.

A) is the energy required for molecules to react with each other
B) requires the use of enzymes
C) allows for feedback inhibition
D) acts on the products of metabolic reactions
E) is a measure of the amount of solar radiation striking a leaf surface

Question 16

Which of the following is not a mechanism used to move materials in and out of the cell?

A) osmosis
B) facilitated diffusion
C) active transport
D) feedback inhibition
E) phagocytosis

Question 17

In what function do the embedded membrane proteins at "c" serve?

A) simple diffusion
B) facilitated & active transport
C) support for the membrane
D) phagocytosis
E) osmosis

Question 18

Metabolic pathways are known for all of the following except

A) the use of energy in small amounts.
B) linking between pathways.
C) controlled formation of products.
D) feedback inhibition.
E) enzymes to help raise the energy of activation.

Question 19

Which of the following is best associated with a coupled reaction?

A) ATP consumes energy from another metabolic reaction.
B) ADP often transfers a phosphate to the reactant.
C) The metabolic reaction requires energy from ATP.
D) ATP gains a phosphate group.
E) ADP is used up in the metabolic reaction.

Question 20

What process typically regulates the enzymes involved in metabolic reactions?

A) substrate inhibition
B) entropy capture
C) ATP blockage
D) feedback inhibition
E) temperature levels

Question 21

Which one of the following molecules is able to move across the cell membrane by simple diffusion?

A) DNA
B) hemoglobin
C) carbon dioxide
D) glucose
E) starch

Question 22

Intestinal cells absorb glucose via active transport. What would happen if all the mitochondria within these intestinal cells were destroyed?

A) Glucose absorption would increase.
B) Glucose absorption would decrease.
C) Glucose absorption would stop.
D) Glucose absorption would not be affected.
E) Glucose absorption would be slow at first and then increase.

Question 23

What is the biological risk of using salt on icy roads in parts of the country that have a cold winter season?

A) The salt has the risk of leeching into the ground and creating a hypertonic environment for plant cells.
B) Plant root cells will grow in excess to try to reach fresh water.
C) Plant cells will take on excess water from the melted ice and become turgid.
D) Salt is in limited supply in the ecosystem and this type of overuse will make it even more so.
E) The deer in these areas have the danger of consuming too much of it as they forage for food.

Question 24

The concentration of calcium in a cell is 3%. The concentration of calcium in the surrounding fluid is 1%. How could the cell obtain more calcium?

A) passive transport
B) diffusion
C) active transport
D) osmosis
E) pinocytosis

Question 25

When neurons release their neurotransmitters, they release them by secretory vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane thereby emptying their contents into an area that can stimulate some response. What type of cellular transport is occurring as the vesicle forms and then surfaces on the cell's plasma membrane?

A) active transport
B) diffusion
C) exocytosis
D) pinocytosis
E) osmosis

Question 26

The opposite of a turgid plant cell is a ________.

A) hypertonic plant cell
B) osmotic plant cell
C) isotonic plant cell
D) plasmolyzed plant cell
E) ruptured plant cell

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT an example of osmosis?

A) Salting meat serves as a preservative.
B) Vegetables placed in fresh water firm up.
C) Sugar in coffee dissolves.
D) Strawberries placed in sugar become syrupy.
E) Eating salty popcorn makes people's lips dry.

Question 28

Probable factors that affect the passage of materials across cell membranes include all of the following except ____________.

A) concentration
B) size
C) color
D) time
E) charge

Question 29

When a potted house plant is wilting, the addition of water quickly changes the look of the plant. This can be accounted for by which of the following statements:

A) The water creates a hypertonic environment causing the cells to lose water.
B) The water creates a hypotonic environment causing cells to lose water.
C) The water creates a hypertonic environment causing the cells to gain water.
D) The water creates a hypotonic environment causing the cells to gain water.
E) The water creates an isotonic environment that allows for the cells to neither gain nor lose water.

Question 30

What prevents a plant cell from bursting in a hypotonic solution?

A) plasma membrane
B) transport proteins which help pump the excess water out of the cell
C) cell wall
D) a plant cell will not burst in a hypotonic solution because water is moving out of the cell
E) the presence of chloroplasts

Question 31

In the set-up shown in the figure below, which of the following statements would describe the conditions observed after 12 hours of time have elapsed?

A) The beaker contents will be hypertonic to the tube contents.
B) The tube contents will be hypertonic to the beaker contents.
C) The beaker and tube contents are in an isotonic to each other.
D) The beaker contents will be hypotonic to the tube contents.
E) The beaker contents and the tube contents will not have changed at all.

Question 32

The figure below reflects how these two cells would respond in a _______ environment.

A) hypotonic
B) isotonic
C) hypertonic
D) diffuse
E) ionic

Question 33

In the set-up shown in the figure below, which of the following statements would describe what would be observed after 12 hours of time have elapsed?

A) The level of the solution in the tube would rise because there are now more dissolved solutes present in the beaker than in the tube.
B) The level of the solution in the tube would lower because the glucose and salt would move into the tube.
C) The level of the solution in the tube would rise because there are now more dissolved solutes in the tube than the beaker.
D) The level of the solution would not change as the membrane prohibits any exchange between tube and the beaker.
E) The level of solution in the tubes would see no change because the solute levels are equal on both sides.

Question 34

Which of these words does not belong with the rest as it relates to concentration gradient?

A) osmosis
B) diffusion
C) passive transport
D) active transport
E) facilitated diffusion

Question 35

In the set-up shown in the figure below, which process allows the water to move across the membrane?

A) osmosis
B) active transport
C) phagocytosis
D) facilitated diffusion
E) passive transport

Question 36

When a cell is in a solution where the concentration of solute is the same in the cell as in the solution, the solution is called ________.

A) isotonic
B) hypertonic
C) hypotonic
D) osmotonic
E) saturated

Question 37

In the following figure, which cell exhibits the condition of plant cells that have been placed in a hypertonic environment?

A) a
B) b
C) c

Question 38

Which of the following is an example of osmosis?

A) Glucose is transported from our blood stream across cell membranes and into the cytoplasm.
B) Sodium is pumped across a cell to increase its concentration on one side of the cell membrane.
C) Cells of our kidneys reabsorb water to prevent it from all leaving through our urine.
D) A broken bottle of perfume is able to be smelled throughout the department store.
E) A bacterium in the blood stream is engulfed by a white blood cell.

Question 39

If blood cells are placed in a hypertonic solution,

A) the cells will shrink due to water loss by the cell.
B) the cells will be unaffected since they have a cell membrane to separate them from the solution.
C) the cells will swell due to diffusion.
D) the cells will burst due to active transport.
E) the cells will shrink due to the loss of solutes from the blood cell.

Question 40

A white blood cell surrounds and engulfs a worn-out red blood cell, forming a vesicle around the red blood cell. This process is called ________.

A) active transport
B) phagocytosis
C) exocytosis
D) pinocytosis
E) facilitated diffusion

Question 41

Why do metabolic pathways require tens to hundreds of different enzymes?

A) The enzymes are used up after one reaction and the molecules have to undergo multiple rearrangements.
B) The enzyme is deformed by the interaction with the substrate and needs a period of time to return to its original reactive form so many enzymes are needed to keep the pathway going.
C) Each enzyme has a specific substrate and produces a specific product.
D) Multiple enzymes are not required for the pathway but having them speed up the production of the final product.
E) The enzymes are attached to a membrane and cannot move to the location of the new intermediate so having a long line of enzymes to carry out the reaction allows the reaction to occur faster.

Question 42

Both starch and cellulose are made by stringing together many glucose molecules, but starch is easily digested by humans while cellulose is indigestible. The starch polysaccharide has every bond occurring below the sugar rings while the bonds in cellulose alternate between one bond above the ring and the next below the ring. How can you explain the human's inability to digest cellulose?

A) The enzyme that breaks down starch can only fit the specific bond configuration of bonds below the ring.
B) Humans do not eat cellulose.
C) The acidic molecules found in stomach acid cannot act on the bonds that are above the sugar rings in cellulose.
D) The alternating bonds make the cellulose molecule too large and bulk to enter cells for digestion.
E) Cellular respiration is only capable of breaking down specific bonds.

Question 43

Enzymes are able to speed up the rate of a reaction by

A) carrying substrates closer together.
B) binding substrates to a membrane.
C) producing more enzymes.
D) lowering the energy needed for the reaction to proceed.
E) producing more substrate.

Question 44

A patient who is admitted to the hospital shares that she has been taking a series of "water pills" to help her lose weight. Her skin and mucous membranes are dry, and she is complaining of a headache. The physician on call asks for an IV treatment to be promptly administered. Based on the information given, what would likely be the type of IV solution given to this patient?

A) hypotonic
B) isotonic
C) osmotic
D) hypertonic
E) saturated

Question 45

The changing of an enzyme's shape as the substrate binds to the active site is called the

A) substrate binding theory.
B) induced fit model.
C) metabolic pathway.
D) energy of activation.
E) enzyme binding theory.

Question 46

The second law of thermodynamics states that all energy transformations result in more disordered energy. How does this relate to energy transformation in a living organism?

A) the energy taken in as food is eventually converted into kinetic energy
B) the energy taken in as food is eventually converted into heat energy
C) the energy taken in as kinetic energy is eventually converted into heat energy
D) the energy taken in as heat energy is eventually converted into kinetic energy
E) no energy in a living organism can undergo more than one transformation

Question 47

The second law of thermodynamics states that all energy transformations result in more disordered energy. How do living organisms, which depend on chemical potential converting to kinetic energy to fuel their function, continue to live?

A) they must constantly take in chemical potential energy for fuel and excrete waste
B) living things do not obey the laws of thermodynamics
C) they must constantly take in chemical potential energy for fuel
D) they excrete the disordered molecules and lose the disordered energy as heat
E) they take the disordered molecules and heat energy and use them to create new fuel

Question 48

ATP is a good source of energy for a cell because

A) it is able to be used in only one type of reaction.
B) its breakdown is coupled with energy-requiring reactions.
C) it provides excess energy for cellular reactions.
D) it is not reusable.
E) it takes no energy to make it.

Question 49

Pickles are often preserved in a 20-30% salt solution called brine. How does this method prevent contamination by microorganisms?

A) Bacteria can't survive in a hypertonic solution because they lose water.
B) Bacteria can't survive in hypotonic solutions because of the added pressure of the water they take in.
C) Bacteria cells are unable to digest the salt, thus killing the cells by starvation.
D) The high salt concentration increases the pH of the environment, making it unfavorable for bacteria to live there.
E) The high salt concentration creates an isotonic environment that the bacteria cannot live in.

Question 50

Once the substrate moves into the active site of the enzyme

A) the enzyme breaks the substrate into three products.
B) the two molecules fuse together to form the product.
C) the enzyme alters in shape to more closely fit the substrate.
D) the substrate alters shape to more closely fit the active site.
E) the substrate and enzyme both alter shape to fit together.

Question 51

Which of the areas shown in the figure below indicates the presence of an enzyme in the movement of reactant over to product?

A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d

Question 52

Which of the following is not a type of potential energy?

A) the energy in a glucose molecule
B) the energy contained in an rock sitting at the top of a cliff
C) the energy of a ball rolling down a hill
D) the energy contained in a hamburger
E) the energy of a diver standing on a diving board

Question 53

Which of the following enables a cell to pick up and concentrate a specific type of molecule?

A) passive transport
B) receptor-mediated endocytosis
C) osmosis
D) exocytosis
E) facilitated diffusion

Question 54

Which of the following statements reflects what occurs in the flow of energy conversions through living systems?

A) Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules.
B) Mitochondria convert ATP molecules into glucose.
C) Chloroplasts produce CO₂ and H₂O during photosynthesis.
D) Mitochondria capture solar energy and convert it to oxygen.
E) Chloroplasts burn glucose into ATP molecules during cell respiration.

Question 55

Enzymes are named based on the substrate that they bind; this is possible because

A) enzymes all have the same shape.
B) an enzyme binds one specific substrate.
C) enzymes are used up in the reaction.
D) an enzyme is only associated with one metabolic pathway.
E) enzymes speed up the rate of a reaction.

Question 56

The second law of thermodynamics states that all energy transformations result in more disordered energy. How can photosynthesis take more disordered carbon dioxide and water and convert them into glucose which is more ordered?

A) living things do not obey the laws of thermodynamics
B) this is an illusion, it only appears that glucose is more ordered
C) photosynthesis is an exception to the second law of thermodynamics
D) solar energy is being added to the reaction to create glucose
E) plants are able to harness entropy and use it to carry out photosynthesis

Question 57

Which of the types of cellular activities listed below would not use ATP?

A) active transport
B) muscular contraction
C) flagella movement
D) passive transport
E) protein synthesis