Deck 24: The Maintenance Systems

Question 1

Emphysema occurs when the walls of alveoli are destroyed, reducing surface area for gas exchange. This condition impacts the __________

A) upper respiratory system more than the lower.
B) upper respiratory system as much as the lower.
C) sinuses.
D) lower respiratory system more than the upper.
E) trachea only.

Answer 1

D
Explanation: Emphysema is the destruction of the walls of alveoli. It is through the walls of the alveoli that oxygen and gas are exchanged. When the walls are destroyed, there is less surface area for gas exchange. The destroyed tissue is also replaced by less elastic scar tissue, decreasing the ability of the lungs to expand. The alveoli are located in the lower respiratory system.

Question 2

The first step of starch digestion is performed by

A) the tongue mixing food with saliva.
B) taste buds secreting pepsin.
C) amylase in the saliva.
D) the tongue mixing food with saliva which contains amylase.
E) glands in tongue secreting lipase.

Answer 2

D
Explanation: Starch is a complex carbohydrate. In the mouth, the tongue moves the food around, mixing it with the saliva secreted by the salivary glands, forming a bolus for swallowing. One of the substances in saliva is amylase, an enzyme which begins the digestion of the starch.

Question 3

A genetic defect in the epithelial cells of the villi can result in which of the following situations?

A) A decrease in the ability to digest peptides and sugars
B) An increase in the ability to digest peptides and sugars
C) An increase in the body's ability to store adipose tissue
D) A decrease in the body's ability to process and store lipids
E) A significant increase in the ability to digest nucleic acids

Answer 3

A
Explanation: The epithelial cells of the villi are responsible for producing the intestinal enzymes. These enzymes complete the digestion of peptides and sugars. A defect would prevent the digestion of these products and decrease the body's ability to absorb them.

Question 4

Most carbon dioxide is carried in the blood

A) as bicarbonate ion formed from carbonic acid in the plasma.
B) causing the pH to increase.
C) within the plasma.
D) bonded with hemoglobin.
E) bonded with oxygen.

Question 5

Which of the following is an incorrect match?

A) larynx - contains vocal cords
B) pharynx - connects nasal and oral cavities to larynx
C) sinuses - remove dust particles from the air
D) glottis - opening to the larynx
E) epiglottis - covers the glottis

Question 6

If the stomach lining lacks mucus it will not efficiently absorb nutrients and can result in ________.

A) a bolus
B) acid reflux
C) heartburn
D) an ulcer
E) chyme

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a function of the large intestine?

A) storage of indigestible material
B) absorption of water
C) absorption of salts
D) absorption of vitamin K
E) absorption of amino acids

Question 8

The mechanism by which oxygen moves into capillaries from alveoli is ________.

A) active transport
B) facilitated transport
C) diffusion
D) osmosis
E) secondary active transport

Question 9

Starch digestion begins in the _____ and protein digestion begins in the _____.

A) mouth; small intestine
B) stomach; small intestine
C) mouth; stomach
D) stomach; stomach also
E) small intestine; stomach

Question 10

Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?

A) eliminate nitrogenous waste
B) eliminate dead bacteria
C) eliminate non-digestible food
D) eliminate bile pigments from breakdown of hemoglobin
E) absorb nutrients

Question 11

Food in the digestive tract is called chyme after

A) the tongue mixes it with saliva.
B) the stomach processes it.
C) all nutrients have been absorbed by the small intestines.
D) elimination through the anus.
E) it is chewed by the teeth.

Question 12

Increasing the size of the thoracic cavity through contraction of the diaphragm and rib muscles causes

A) an inhalation.
B) an exhalation.
C) coughing.
D) positive pressure in the lungs.
E) swallowing.

Question 13

The functional unit of the lungs where gas exchange occurs is the ________.

A) alveolus
B) bronchiole
C) sinus
D) glottis
E) trachea

Question 14

Which of the following is in the correct order for protein digestion?

A) pepsin - peptides - peptidase - amino acids
B) peptidase - peptides - pepsin - amino acids
C) peptidase - amino acids - pepsin - peptides
D) amino acids - peptidase - peptides - pepsin
E) peptides - pepsin - peptidase - amino acids

Question 15

Hair within the nose and cilia lining the respiratory tract

A) moistens the air before it enters the lungs.
B) prevents particles from entering the lungs.
C) helps oxygen move into the lungs.
D) helps carbon dioxide leave the lungs.
E) helps carbon dioxide move into the lungs.

Question 16

Figure:
The figure shown represents urine formation. Substances which move from the blood into the filtrate at #3 include ___________.

A) glucose
B) amino acids
C) sodium ion
D) chloride ion
E) hydrogen ion

Question 17

Figure:
The figure shown represents urine formation. What specific process is occurring at #2?

A) secretion
B) filtration
C) reabsorption
D) excretion
E) urination

Question 18

Which of the following events will cause problems with the body's ability to exchange gasses between the blood and tissue fluid?

A) An increase in the blood pH due to smoking
B) Getting into a car accident and bruising your ribs on the steering wheel
C) Getting a piece of meat lodged within your windpipe and not being able to breathe
D) Being congested due to a sinus infection
E) Playing football and getting the wind knocked out of you

Question 19

Without villi, a person would not be able to

A) produce vitamin K.
B) absorb enough nutrients.
C) produce pepsin.
D) swallow food.
E) produce feces.

Question 20

Humans are omnivores as shown by the type of

A) enzymes secreted in saliva.
B) urine they produce.
C) teeth they have.
D) taste buds they have.
E) enzymes secreted in the intestines.

Question 21

In hemodialysis, wastes normally collected by the kidney

A) diffuse through artificial or natural semi-permeable membranes.
B) are pumped through a series of filters.
C) are diluted by adding dialysate from bags attached to the abdomen.
D) are actively transported through natural membranes in the abdomen.
E) are diluted by a transfusion of blood lower in wastes.

Question 22

A genetic defect causes the distal tubules of nephrons to malfunction. Which of the following may NOT occur during urine formation?

A) reabsorption of water and glucose
B) secretion of larger molecules which may be toxic
C) secretion of urea
D) reabsorption of amino acids
E) reabsorption of Hydrogen ion

Question 23

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to edema?

A) It can lead to heart failure.
B) It is the retention of water and salts.
C) It is an imbalance in the ionic composition of body fluids.
D) It can result from kidney failure.
E) It results in kidney stones if uncorrected.

Question 24

Fats are absorbed by the epithelial cells of villi in the intestinal tract and enter the capillary beds of the circulatory system.

Question 25

Figure:
At the area labeled "A" in the figure shown here,

A) O₂ and CO₂ enter the lungs.
B) O₂ and CO₂ leave the lungs.
C) O₂ enters the lungs and CO₂ leaves the lungs.
D) CO₂ enters the lungs and CO₂ leaves the lungs.
E) nutrients move into the body and CO₂ leaves the body.

Question 26

The tracheal system of insects

A) helps remove metabolic wastes from their bodies.
B) makes a respiratory pigment in their hemolymph unnecessary.
C) relies on the expansion and contraction of the body wall to move air into and out of the system.
D) is limited to the posterior end of the body.
E) digests food and distributes nutrients to the body.

Question 27

Digestion in humans and earthworms

A) is similar in that both organisms, digestion is an extracellular process, occurring in a complete digestive tract.
B) is different in that earthworms have a sac plan body plan and humans have a tube within a tube body plan.
C) is different in that digestion is an extracellular process in humans but an intracellular process in earthworms.
D) is similar in that in both organisms, digestion is an intracellular process, occurring in an incomplete digestive system.
E) is similar in that in both organisms, digestion occurs in a simple tract, in which all parts of the tract are similar.

Question 28

The longer digestive tract of herbivores is necessary to complete digestion of plant material.

Question 29

During respiration in fish, what percentage of dissolved oxygen in absorbed?

A) 100%
B) 95 - 99%.
C) 80 - 90%
D) 70 - 80%
E) increase the level of residual air in their lungs.

Question 30

Each red blood cell contains about 250 million hemoglobin molecules and so can carry at least one billion molecules of oxygen.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?

A) produces plasma proteins such as fibrin and fibrinogen
B) detoxifies the blood by removing poisonous substances
C) produces insulin and glucagon
D) produces bile
E) produces urea from amino acids

Question 32

In which structure does urine formation begin?

A) collecting duct
B) proximal tubule
C) nephron loop
D) nephron capsule
E) distal tubule

Question 33

The nephron of mammals and Malpighian tubules of insects are both involved in water and salt balance. They are also similar in that they are both

A) involved in elimination of nitrogenous wastes.
B) involved in the elimination of digestive wastes.
C) attached to the digestive system.
D) attached to the respiratory system.
E) found in the kidneys.

Question 34

Ammonia helps maintain the optimal pH of urine.

Question 35

Figure:
In the figure shown here, O₂ enters the blood stream and CO₂ leaves the blood stream

A) at A.
B) at B.
C) at C.
D) through active transport.
E) in a process called internal respiration.

Question 36

Which of the following is the correct pathway of air into the lungs to the site of gas exchange?

A) nasal cavity-pharynx-larynx-trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-alveoli
B) bronchi-pharynx-larynx-trachea-nasal cavity-bronchioles-alveoli
C) bronchi-pharynx-trachea-nasal cavity-bronchioles-alveoli-larynx
D) nasal cavity-alveoli-bronchioles-bronchi-trachea-larynx-pharynx
E) pharynx-trachea-nasal cavity-bronchioles-alveoli-larynx-bronchi

Question 37

Figure:
In the figure shown here, "E" represents

A) external respiration, the exchange of gases between the body tissues and the blood.
B) external respiration, the exchange of gases between the blood and the air in the lungs.
C) internal respiration, the exchange of gases between the body tissues and the blood.
D) internal respiration, the exchange of gases between the blood and the air in the lungs.
E) external respiration, the exchange of gases between the air in the lungs and the outside.

Question 38

Which of the following is the correct path urine follows from internal structures to outside the body?

A) renal cortex - urethra - urinary bladder - ureter
B) urinary bladder - renal pelvis - ureter - urethra
C) renal pelvis - ureter - urinary bladder - urethra
D) ureter - renal pelvis - urinary bladder - urethra
E) ureter - urinary bladder - renal pelvis - urethra

Question 39

It is important for sodium and chloride ions to be reabsorbed in the nephron so that

A) urea can be secreted.
B) some water will be reabsorbed through osmosis.
C) some glucose reabsorption will occur.
D) needed amino acids will be reabsorbed.
E) the pH of the blood is maintained.

Question 40

Ruminants have a stomach that enables them to digest cellulose.

Question 41

The primary role in digestion of the structure indicated by "C" in the figure shown here is

A) the mixing of ingested food with digestive juices.
B) the production of saliva.
C) the absorption of water and formation of feces.
D) the majority of chemical digestion and absorption.
E) the production of digestion enzymes which are released into the small intestine.

Question 42

Figure:
Muscular dystrophy affects the functioning of skeletal muscle. As this disease advances, it can impair the contraction of the diaphragm and the muscles of the rib cage. What affect will this have on the ability of someone with this disease to carry out gas exchange?

A) It will decrease their ability to exchange air into and out of the lungs, decreasing gas exchange.
B) It will have no effect on their ability to carry out gas exchange.
C) It will cause a build up of mucus in their respiratory tract, decreasing gas exchange.
D) It will lower the surface area for gas exchange, decreasing gas exchange.
E) It will decrease the ability to exhale but the ability to inhale will be unaffected.

Question 43

Figure:
In the figure shown here, "A" is referring to the _________.

A) liver
B) stomach
C) duodenum
D) pancreas
E) small intestine

Question 44

Figure:
You are at your cousins high school graduation party. The only thing good to drink is lemonade. You end up staying at the party for a long time and drinking four large glasses of lemonade. What would you expect to happen to your urine production?

A) You will produce an increased amount of concentrated urine.
B) You will produce an increased amount of dilute urine.
C) You will produce a decreased amount of concentrated urine.
D) You will produce a decreased amount of dilute urine.
E) You will produce a typical amount of urine; the lemonade will not have any noticeable impact on your urine production.

Question 45

Figure:
In the figure shown here, the area represented by letter "D"

A) is where blood is filtered to form urine.
B) is the area where urine formed by nephrons is collected.
C) is where arterial blood is brought into the kidneys.
D) is the renal cortex.
E) is the renal medulla.

Question 46

Figure:
In the figure shown here, the letter "A" represents

A) a pyramid.
B) the cortex.
C) a column.
D) a renal pelvis.
E) a nephron.

Question 47

Alicia and Juan are hiking in the woods and come across the skull of an animal. The teeth are still in the skull. The front teeth or incisors are short but sharp. The canines are long and pointed. The back teeth, or molars and premolars, are jagged. Based on these teeth, the skull likely belonged to a ___________.

A) carnivore
B) omnivore
C) herbivore
D) human
E) There is not enough information to answer.

Question 48

Figure:
In the figure shown here, the structure indicated by the letter "E"

A) carries urine to the urinary bladder.
B) carries urine to the outside of the body.
C) returns filtered blood to the systemic circulation.
D) further alters the composition of the urine formed by the nephrons.
E) empties urine from the renal medulla.

Question 49

Refer to the figure shown here. In structure "B"

A) food particles are absorbed.
B) the contents are acidic.
C) there are digestive enzymes which were released by the pancreas.
D) food is processed into a soft mass called a bolus.
E) fats are emulsified by bile salts.

Question 50

Figure:
The digestion and absorption of fats differs from that of sugars and proteins in that

A) sugars and proteins must be emulsified before being digested.
B) fats are absorbed into lymphatic capillaries instead of blood capillaries.
C) sugars and proteins interact with bile salts in order for absorption to occur.
D) fats are digested primarily in the stomach.
E) fats do not require digestion before being absorbed.

Question 51

Figure:
Which of the following incorrectly pairs the enzyme and the molecule on which it acts?

A) salivary amylase - starch
B) pepsin - protein
C) maltase - starch
D) trypsin - protein
E) pancreatic amylase - starch

Question 52

Vanessa and her friends are having lunch together. Just as Vanessa takes a drink of her chocolate milk, one of her friends tells a joke. Laughing, Vanessa has some of her milk come out of her nose. What is the explanation for this unusual event?

A) The laughter interfered with the movement of the soft palate so it did not shut off the nasal cavity.
B) The laughter interfered with the movement of the epiglottis so it did not shut off the nasal cavity.
C) The laughter interfered with the movement of the epiglottis so it did not shut off the trachea.
D) Vanessa has something wrong with the structure of her pharynx which allowed the milk to come out her nose.
E) The laughter interfered with the movement of the soft palate so it did not shut off the trachea.