Deck 27: Control Systems

Question 1

Which of these works by inhibiting dopamine reuptake into synapses?

A) cocaine
B) THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)
C) heroin
D) marijuana
E) all drugs of abuse

Answer 1

A
Explanation: Cocaine works by preventing synaptic uptake of dopamine, thus prolonging this neurotransmitter's action on the postsynaptic cell.

Question 2

Following a severe head injury, a patient has uncontrollable, unfocused feelings of rage. What has most likely been damaged?

A) medulla oblongata
B) limbic system
C) pineal gland
D) primary motor area
E) cerebellum

Answer 2

B
Explanation: The limbic system plays a key role in our experience of emotion. Damage to certain parts of the limbic system, such as the hypothalamus, can result in what is known as "sham rage."

Question 3

Gaps in the myelin sheath are termed

A) nodes of Ranvier.
B) interaxons.
C) ganglia.
D) nuclei.
E) synapses.

Answer 3

A
Explanation: Gaps in the myelin sheath are termed nodes of Ranvier.

Question 4

Which of these is mismatched?

A) diencephalon-thalamus
B) brain stem-medulla oblongata
C) cerebral cortex-occipital lobe
D) cerebellum-midbrain
E) frontal lobe-prefrontal area

Question 5

A nerve impulse travels down a myelinated axon by

A) repolarization.
B) saltatory conduction.
C) simple diffusion.
D) integration.
E) summation.

Question 6

Which of these does not belong to the limbic system?

A) thalamus
B) amygdala
C) hypothalamus
D) hippocampus
E) cerebellum

Question 7

Which part of a neuron could be covered with a myelin sheath?

A) nucleus
B) axon
C) dendrite
D) cell body
E) terminal

Question 8

Which type of neuron is completely contained within the CNS?

A) sensory neuron
B) motor neuron
C) autonomic neuron
D) interneuron
E) sympathetic neuron

Question 9

Someone who is good at memorizing other people's phone numbers has an excellent _____ memory.

A) episodic
B) skill
C) semantic
D) short-term
E) sensory

Question 10

Which of these lists the events of an action potential in the correct order?

A) Na⁺ gates open→inside of axon becomes positive→Na⁺ gates close→K⁺ gates open→inside of axon becomes negative
B) K⁺ gates open→inside of axon becomes positive→K⁺ gates close→Na⁺ gates open→inside of axon becomes negative
C) K⁺ gates open→inside of axon becomes negative→K⁺ gates close→Na⁺ gates open→inside of axon becomes positive
D) Na⁺ gates open→inside of axon becomes negative→Na⁺ gates close→K⁺ gates open→inside of axon becomes positive
E) Na⁺ gates open→inside of axon becomes positive→K⁺ gates close→Na⁺ gates open→inside of axon becomes negative

Question 11

The arrow shows the direction of the nerve impulse in a neuron. Part X would represent a(n) ________.

A) axon
B) dendrite
C) cell body
D) myelin sheath
E) axon terminal

Question 12

Dendrites

A) are usually the longest nerve fibers.
B) are covered with a myelin sheath.
C) receive signals from sensory receptors or other neurons.
D) generate nerve impulses.
E) are longer and less numerous than axons.

Question 13

If a neuron receives both excitatory and inhibitory signals, will an action potential be generated?

A) No, because any inhibitory signals will cancel out the excitatory signals.
B) Yes, but the action potential will be much smaller than if only excitatory signals were received.
C) It depends; if more excitatory than inhibitory signals are received, then an action potential may result.
D) Yes, because excitatory signals always stimulate an action potential.
E) It depends; if more inhibitory than excitatory signals are received, then the neuron will be free to produce an action potential.

Question 14

A patient's pons has been affected by a rapidly growing tumor. Of the choices listed below, which is the most likely result?

A) loss of the normal breathing rhythm
B) hearing loss
C) inability to understand speech
D) inability to regulate blood pressure
E) inability to experience emotions

Question 15

Long, myelinated nerve fibers are called _____ in the PNS and _____ in the CNS.

A) tracts; nuclei
B) nerves; ganglia
C) ganglia; nuclei
D) nerves; tracts
E) ganglia; tracts

Question 16

Transmission across the synaptic cleft is accomplished by chemical signals called

A) hormones.
B) exocrine secretions.
C) enzymes.
D) stimulants.
E) neurotransmitters.

Question 17

A spinal nerve contains

A) axons of sensory neurons only.
B) myelinated axons only.
C) axons of motor neurons only.
D) dendrites only.
E) both sensory and motor axons.

Question 18

Which of these is not part of a neuron?

A) dendrite
B) nucleus
C) cell body
D) axon
E) synapse

Question 19

Degenerating neurons surrounded by clusters of abnormal tissue, especially in the hippocampus and amygdala, accompanied by progressive memory loss, is typical of

A) Alzheimer disease.
B) Parkinson disease.
C) Graves disease.
D) Addison disease.
E) Cushing syndrome.

Question 20

You aren't normally aware of ongoing sensory stimuli such as the touch of clothing on your skin. What part of your brain do you have to thank for this "filtering" of sensory input?

A) hypothalamus
B) medulla oblongata
C) cerebral cortex
D) cerebellum
E) thalamus

Question 21

Only the glands of the endocrine system

A) uses chemical signals to bring about changes in target organs.
B) works to regulate the activities of other body systems.
C) uses the bloodstream to convey signals throughout the body.
D) helps to maintain homeostasis.
E) brings about rapid responses by target organs.

Question 22

If an individual's pituitary gland does not produce adequate adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), then _____ will result.

A) Cushing syndrome
B) exopthalmos
C) Graves disease
D) Addison disease
E) diabetes mellitus

Question 23

There is a hormone that helps to maintain your blood glucose level between breakfast and lunch. What is it?

A) insulin
B) glucagon
C) parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D) thyroxine
E) epinephrine

Question 24

Consuming alcohol increases the need to urinate. This is due to the inhibitory effect of alcohol on

A) antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
B) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
C) parathyroid hormone (PTH).
D) epinephrine.
E) norepinephrine.

Question 25

The spinal cord's gray matter is located

A) on the outside, surrounding a central core of white matter.
B) on the inside, surrounding the central canal.
C) on both the inside and the outside.
D) neither inside nor outside-the spinal cord is entirely white matter.
E) scattered among a collection of ganglia.

Question 26

If an individual's pancreatic islets have been destroyed, the result will be

A) Cushing syndrome.
B) Graves disease.
C) type 2 diabetes mellitus.
D) Addison disease.
E) type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Question 27

Which two hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?

A) aldosterone and cortisol
B) acetylcholine and norepinephrine
C) luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
D) antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
E) epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 28

Which hormone stimulates milk letdown?

A) prolactin (PRL)
B) luteinizing hormone (LH)
C) oxytocin
D) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
E) estrogen

Question 29

You are relaxing, having a snack and watching TV, when suddenly the entire house begins to shake violently. The activity of your _____ quickly decreases, while that of your _____ increases.

A) somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system
B) autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system
C) sympathetic division; parasympathetic division
D) sympathetic division; somatic nervous system
E) parasympathetic division; sympathetic division

Question 30

Which of these is a second messenger?

A) cAMP
B) ATP
C) a peptide hormone
D) a steroid hormone
E) DNA

Question 31

Which is not an anterior pituitary hormone?

A) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
B) prolactin (PRL)
C) growth hormone (GH)
D) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
E) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 32

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

A) is associated with "fight or flight."
B) uses the neurotransmitter norepinephrine.
C) arises from parts of the spinal cord.
D) inhibits digestion.
E) opposes the effects of the sympathetic division.

Question 33

The _____ conveys sensory information to the CNS and motor commands away from the CNS to skeletal muscles.

A) parasympathetic division
B) autonomic nervous system
C) somatic system
D) sympathetic division
E) brain stem

Question 34

If you do not obtain enough iodine in your diet, you will likely develop

A) pituitary gigantism.
B) simple goiter.
C) exopthalmos.
D) diabetes mellitus.
E) tetany.

Question 35

_____ inhibits osteoclasts, and _____ stimulates them.

A) Parathyroid hormone (PTH); calcitonin
B) Growth hormone (GH); calcitonin
C) Epinephrine; norepinephrine
D) Calcitonin; parathyroid hormone (PTH)
E) Glucagon; growth hormone (GH)

Question 36

Which of the following is part of both the nervous and endocrine systems, and is crucial to maintenance of homeostasis?

A) adrenal medulla
B) thyroid gland
C) hypothalamus
D) thalamus
E) medulla oblongata

Question 37

Which of these represents the flow of information in a spinal reflex arc in the correct order?

A) spinal nerve→sensory neuron→spinal cord→interneuron→effector→spinal nerve→motor neuron
B) motor neuron→spinal nerve→spinal cord→interneuron→sensory neuron→spinal nerve→effector
C) sensory neuron→spinal nerve→interneuron→motor neuron→spinal cord→spinal nerve→effector
D) sensory neuron→spinal nerve→spinal cord→interneuron→motor neuron→spinal nerve→effector
E) spinal nerve→motor neuron→spinal cord→interneuron→effector→sensory neuron→spinal nerve

Question 38

The hormonal secretion(s) of the _____ serve to increase the body's metabolic rate.

A) thyroid gland
B) adrenal medulla
C) adrenal cortex
D) posterior pituitary
E) parathyroid glands

Question 39

_____ lowers blood glucose, and _____ raises it.

A) Insulin; glucagon
B) Epinephrine; norepinephrine
C) Cortisol; insulin
D) Thyroxine; glucagon
E) Glucagon; insulin

Question 40

_____ hormones can pass through the plasma membrane of a target cell.

A) Second messenger
B) Steroid
C) First messenger
D) Peptide
E) DNA

Question 41

The arrow shows the direction of the nerve impulse in a neuron. Where is the neurotransmitter released from the neuron?

A) axon
B) dendrite
C) cell body
D) myelin sheath
E) axon terminal

Question 42

Contraction of the uterus during childbirth is stimulated by

A) prolactin.
B) luteinizing hormone (LH).
C) oxytocin.
D) glucagon.
E) parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Question 43

You teenage son comes home late on Friday night and is acting strangely. His behavior includes the following characteristics: high agitation, violent behavior, and irritability. These traits are far different form his normal behavior. As a parent you suspect he may have taken a drug. What drug did he most likely take?

A) cocaine
B) methamphetamine
C) marijuana
D) alcohol
E) crack

Question 44

When the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is activated, its effects can be prolonged by secretions of the

A) adrenal cortex.
B) thyroid gland.
C) parathyroid glands.
D) adrenal medulla.
E) posterior pituitary.

Question 45

Which of these structures is the pons?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 46

The exophthalmos seen in Graves disease results from hypersecretion of the

A) thyroid gland.
B) parathyroid glands.
C) posterior pituitary.
D) adrenal cortex.
E) pancreas.

Question 47

Gigantism can result from excessive secretion from the

A) posterior pituitary.
B) anterior pituitary.
C) adrenal medulla.
D) adrenal cortex.
E) pancreas.

Question 48

Which two anterior pituitary hormones do not target other endocrine glands?

A) prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH)
B) oxytocin and prolactin (PRL)
C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and growth hormone (GH)
D) luteinizing hormone (LH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
E) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

Question 49

If you eat a jelly donut, your pancreatic islets will respond by secreting

A) growth hormone.
B) glucagon.
C) epinephrine.
D) insulin.
E) oxytocin.

Question 50

A patient who has recently undergone surgery to remove tumors from his thyroid gland suddenly begins to tremble violently from head to toe because his nerves have become too excitable. Why?

A) Too much thyroid tissue was removed, and without oxytocin, blood calcium levels fell too low.
B) The parathyroid glands were removed, and without parathyroid hormone (PTH), blood calcium levels rose too high.
C) The parathyroid glands were removed, and without parathyroid hormone (PTH), blood calcium levels fell too low.
D) Too much thyroid tissue was removed, and without calcitonin, blood calcium levels fell too low.
E) The hypothalamus was removed, and without its releasing hormones, blood calcium levels fell too low.

Question 51

Weight gain, diabetes mellitus, and a moon-shaped face indicate

A) Addison disease.
B) Graves disease.
C) simple goiter.
D) pituitary dwarfism.
E) Cushing syndrome.

Question 52

People who are under constant stress have a tendency to gain weight, especially in the midsection, even if they do not overeat. This is because the hypothalamus responds to the stress by stimulating the

A) posterior pituitary.
B) adrenal cortex.
C) thyroid.
D) adrenal medulla.
E) pancreas.