Deck 3: Levels of Analysis and Foreign Policy

Question 1

Which of the following is a biopolitical approach to the study of international relations?

A) emphasis on the drive to gain, maintain, and defend territory
B) polyheuristic theory
C) reliance on ethnic factors to explain international relations
D) reliance on science to explain international relations

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Making decisions by drawing comparisons between new situations and past situations is the use of

A) stereotypes.
B) analogies.
C) cognitive consistency.
D) groupthink.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Leading up to the 2003 Iraq War,Saddam Hussein

A) benefitted from reliable information.
B) encouraged his generals to provide honest opinions, however unpleasant.
C) was misled by generals who feared for their own safety.
D) threatened lower-level officers, but not his top generals.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is used to discuss how humans act in organizations?

A) gender behavior
B) role behavior
C) systems behavior
D) ethological behavior

Question 5

Which biological trait has been linked to causes of war?

A) the fight or flight response
B) physical differences in appearance
C) territoriality
D) the need to protect one's offspring

Question 6

Mental shortcuts that help us make decisions more easily by allowing us to skip the effort of gathering considerable information and analyzing it thoroughly are known as

A) stereotypes.
B) heuristic devices.
C) groupthink.
D) wishful thinking.

Question 7

Which of the following factors would not be considered a "biological" explanation for imperfect rationality in foreign policy?

A) socialization
B) instinct
C) innate emotional responses
D) territoriality

Question 8

Which of the following is true about the effects of groupthink?

A) It leads to optimal foreign policy.
B) It leads to increased conflict.
C) It is closely linked to poor quality decisions and policy failure.
D) It encourages diverse opinions.

Question 9

Cognitive decision making is also known as "bounded rationality" because it recognizes

A) that there is no irrationality in cognitive decision making.
B) that cognition is more important than emotion in decision-making processes.
C) that there are internal and external boundaries that limit what a decision maker knows.
D) the importance of the bureaucracy in the decision­ making process.

Question 10

Evidence of gender differences related to foreign policy can be seen in

A) groupthink.
B) perceptions.
C) gender stereotypes.
D) the gender opinion gap.

Question 11

Cognitive consistency refers to

A) discounting ideas and information that contradict existing views.
B) making decisions the same way they were made in the past.
C) assuming that things will work out for the best.
D) believing that current events are comparable to past events.

Question 12

The primary cause of groupthink in decision-making groups is pressure to

A) meet deadlines.
B) achieve consensus.
C) influence policy.
D) compete for promotion.

Question 13

The comparison of human and animal behavior is called

A) ethology.
B) animology.
C) primordialism.
D) kinesiology.

Question 14

The "Munich analogy" refers to comparisons between current events and the

A) political weakening of Munich in the process of building the German state.
B) appeasement of Hitler by France and Great Britain at the 1938 Munich Conference.
C) dissatisfaction Germany faced with the peace agreement ending World War I.
D) overextension of the Roman Empire as it struggled to conquer what is today southern Germany.

Question 15

Researchers who examine how the specific pressures of our positions can affect our behavior study

A) heuristics.
B) biopolitics.
C) state-level analysis.
D) organizational behavior.

Question 16

Which of the following is not a "level of analysis?"

A) individual
B) community
C) state
D) system

Question 17

Which of the following mental strategies did Saddam Hussein employ in 2003 in arguing that Iraq would be able to repel a U.S.invasion?

A) wishful thinking
B) stereotyping
C) satisficing
D) cognitive consistency

Question 18

Individual-level analysis studies the decision-making process of people in all of these aspects except which one?

A) as a species
B) in groups
C) by ethnicity
D) idiosyncratically

Question 19

Which of the following is not an effect of groupthink?

A) major shifts in policy
B) dismissing people who "think outside the box"
C) limited policy choices
D) a lower quality of policy options

Question 20

Deep Check
How did President Bush handle his role as commander in-chief on the morning of September 11,2001?

A) He remained outside of Washington,
B) He returned as soon as possible to Washington
C) He moved himself and executive-level operations to an undisclosed location where they remained for three months.
D) He returned to Washington,
D)C. because he wanted to let Americans know that the president was safe.

Question 21

The American belief that American society is in some way superior is known as

A) American Exceptionalism.
B) Arrogant Americanism.
C) Sinocentrism.
D) Missonaryism.

Question 22

A state-level analyst would argue that the international system operates

A) by keeping states in conflict.
B) as a result of states' internal processes and actions.
C) according to its anarchic nature.
D) in accordance with the rules of nature.

Question 23

Which element is not a feature of American foreign policy culture?

A) a missionary impulse
B) belief that the spread of U.S. values would have a positive outcome.
C) distributing aid based on the adoption of American values
D) the refusal to trade with nondemocracies

Question 24

Seeing human decisions as a mix of rational and irrational inputs is a tenet of

A) systems theory.
B) balance of power.
C) two-level game.
D) poliheuristic theory.

Question 25

The public support that President Bush received for the use of military force to fight terrorism following the September 11 attacks is known as a

A) crisis response.
B) rally effect.
C) leader-citizen opinion gap.
D) state-level response.

Question 26

Which of James David Barber's presidential personality types do scholars believe is best for a president?

A) active-negative
B) active-positive
C) passive-negative
D) passive-positive

Question 27

China's attitudes towards projecting its values onto other countries include all of the following except

A) a nonmissionary attitude.
B) leading by example rather than forceful conversion.
C) saving the "barbarians."
D) following tenets of Confucianism.

Question 28

Which of the following does Kissinger not mention as a foreign policy-making actor?

A) Executives
B) Interest groups
C) Legislatures
D) The judicial branch

Question 29

The Chinese belief that China is the political and cultural center of the world is known as

A) Shiism.
B) Sinocentrism.
C) Absolutism.
D) Maoism.

Question 30

Which of the following is not characteristic of a crisis situation?

A) Decision makers are usually taken by surprise.
B) Decision makers often feel threatened.
C) Decision makers are free of media attention.
D) Decision makers only have a short time in which to make a decision.

Question 31

Which level of analysis is concerned with how a country's political structure and the political forces and subnational actors within the country cause its government to decide to adopt one or another foreign policy?

A) system-level analysis
B) state-level analysis
C) individual-level analysis
D) community-level analysis

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of an intermestic issue?

A) NATO expansion
B) welfare policy
C) foreign trade
D) arms control

Question 33

Which prominent leader was not affected by physical or mental health during a major international crisis?

A) Franklin Roosevelt
B) Dwight Eisenhower
C) Adolf Hitler
D) Richard Nixon

Question 34

During a crisis situation,public support of a leader tends to

A) depend on how the public views the leader's decisions.
B) increase regardless of political party affiliation.
C) decrease regardless of political party affiliation.
D) remain split by political party affiliation.

Question 35

An authoritarian government is more likely than a democratic government to have

A) foreign policy centered in a narrow segment of the government.
B) more open input from legislators, the media, and public opinion.
C) more foreign policies.
D) more issue areas.

Question 36

Former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger described the foreign policy making process as

A) a calm, cerebral process.
B) a clash of ideas and a test of political power.
C) an irrational unintelligible mess.
D) a tough but orderly debate between important actors.

Question 37

The idiosyncratic approach

A) places an emphasis on groupthink.
B) assumes that all leaders will react in the same way to certain situations.
C) assumes that different leaders will react differently to similar situations.
D) emphasizes the effect of role on individual behavior.

Question 38

System-level analysis adopts a

A) "top-down" approach to studying world politics.
B) "bottom-up" approach to studying world politics.
C) subjective approach to studying world politics.
D) normative approach to studying world politics.

Question 39

Each of the following is an important factor related to the operation of political systems except

A) norms.
B) economic realities.
C) election structure.
D) power relationships.

Question 40

Negative personality types are prone to see opponents as

A) enemies.
B) potential allies.
C) irrelevant
D) weak.

Question 41

Which of the following would not be a pole in an international system?

A) a single powerful state
B) an alliance of states
C) an global or regional IGO
D) two powerful and competitive countries

Question 42

Some scholars believe that the number of power poles in existence at any one time

A) does not significantly affect the international system.
B) helps determine how the market is likely to act.
C) helps determine how countries are likely to act.
D) helps predict environmental policy.

Question 43

If the United States were to impose tariff hikes and other sanctions on Beijing,both the Chinese and the U.S.economy would be damaged.This economic reality provides an example of

A) a two-level game.
B) norms.
C) state analysis.
D) interdependence.

Question 44

How many poles would be present if a world govern­ment governed the international system?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four or more

Question 45

Which of the following accurately reflects the role norms play in the international system?

A) are nonexistent in an anarchic international system
B) have little or no bearing on how states behave
C) play a limited but important role in shaping state behavior
D) a universally accepted set of rules

Question 46

Some scholars believe that a unipolar system will be peaceful only if

A) the hegemonic power acts like a hegemonic power.
B) all countries disarm.
C) a policy of free trade exists.
D) a policy of fair trade exists

Question 47

An anarchic system means that states have

A) international authorities to settle disputes.
B) broken away from the world government created after World War I.
C) no overarching authority to make rules, settle disputes, and provide protection.
D) autonomy, but report to sovereign organizations like the United Nations, International Monetary Fund, and International Criminal Court.

Question 48

The U.S.government has not pressed Beijing to reduce the trade deficit because

A) China is a key player in getting North Korea to end its nuclear program.
B) Japan is a key player in getting North Korea to end its nuclear program.
C) the deficit does not actually affect the U.S. economy.
D) the United States fears nuclear attack from China.

Question 49

European efforts to create a "Eurocorps" military force,could be attributed to

A) European powers seeking to better support the United States in the war on terror.
B) European powers seeking to balance U.S. power.
C) European fears of invasion.
D) European hostility to the United States.

Question 50

Which principle likely kept the United States from using nuclear weapons in Iraq?

A) norms
B) groupthink
C) biopolitics
D) ethology

Question 51

There is speculation that a possible motivation for the U.S.-led invasion in Iraq was

A) protecting U.S. investor stakes in Iraq's steel industry.
B) preventing the Kurds from becoming independent and destabilizing the region.
C) to gain access to the Persian Gulf
D) to secure control over Iraq's natural resources such as oil.

Question 52

Cold war hostility between the USSR and the United States is an example of a

A) unipolar system.
B) bipolar system.
C) tripolar system.
D) multipolar system.

Question 53

In 2006,the World Trade Organization (WTO)ruled in favor of a U.S.allegation that the European Union (EU)was violating trade rules.Such procedures by IGOs provide evidence for the

A) anarchical nature of the international system.
B) increasingly horizontal authority structure.
C) increase of sovereignty.
D) decline of sovereignty.

Question 54

The international system's authority structure is mostly

A) vertical.
B) horizontal.
C) bipolar.
D) multipolar.

Question 55

The traditional concept of sovereignty means that states

A) are not legally answerable to a higher authority for international behavior.
B) are not legally answerable to a higher authority for domestic behavior.
C) are not legally answerable to a higher authority for either international or domestic behavior.
D) have the authority to rule by anarchy.

Question 56

Increased interdependence has been advanced by all of the following except.

A) financial interactions.
B) modern telecommunications.
C) increased foreign travel.
D) increased international conflict.

Question 57

The operation of the international system is influenced economically by all of the following except

A) interdependence.
B) natural resource production.
C) consumption patterns.
D) U.S. presidential elections.

Question 58

American attitudes toward decisions made by IGO's could best be summarized as

A) increasingly willing to accept IGO rulings.
B) categorically opposed to granting IGO's authority.
C) increasingly wary of IGO rulings.
D) issue dependent.

Question 59

Because of economic interdependence

A) countries no longer need to trade.
B) weak countries are becoming dependent on strong countries.
C) even strong countries are dependent upon trade.
D) the frequency of international interactions are decreasing.

Question 60

The rules of the game in a unipolar system suggest

A) that lesser powers never try to escape dominance.
B) that lesser powers try to escape dominance.
C) the greater power may gradually attempt to lessen or eliminate the autonomy of the lesser powers.
D) both b and c

Question 61

There is a possibility that some differences in political behavior are related to gender.

Question 62

The worst combination of personality types for a leader is passive-negative.

Question 63

A system-level analyst would argue that a system operates with a degree of regularity based on structural characteristics.

Question 64

Domestic factors cannot,by definition,play a role in determining the shape of the international system.

Question 65

The international system would best be characterized as having a "horizontal authority structure."

Question 66

What are the two sources of expectations that account for role behavior,give examples of each?

Question 67

The current system can be described as a state-centric system.

Question 68

The United States is heavily dependent on other countries for sources of products that it needs and as markets for products that it sells.

Question 69

Women and men differ in their attitudes toward the use of military force.

Question 70

What is meant by "groupthink"?

Question 71

A stereotype is a type of heuristic device.

Question 72

List the three levels of analysis.

Question 73

Bipolar systems are characterized by acute hostility between poles.

Question 74

Public opinion can act as a constraint on the policy-­making power of the chief executive.

Question 75

Authoritarian governments are more likely to control foreign policy from within a small group of people.

Question 76

Territorial disputes between neighboring countries are a common cause of war.

Question 77

State-level analysis is mostly concerned with how states are affected by the international system.

Question 78

List three ways of coping with cognitive limits.

Question 79

Name two ways in which gender might affect international relations.

Question 80

Values and norms are becoming less important to international conduct and are growing more disparate.