Deck 16: Leadership

Question 1

Leadership and management are two activities that are synonymous.

Answer 1

False
Explanation: Bernard Bass concludes that "leaders manage and managers lead, but the two activities are not synonymous." Bass tells us that although leadership and management overlap, each entails a unique set of activities or functions.

Question 2

All researchers agree that leadership is only defined in terms of personality and physical traits.

Answer 2

False
Explanation: Some researchers define leadership in terms of personality and physical traits, while others believe leadership is represented by a set of prescribed behaviors. In contrast, other researchers define leadership in terms of the power relationship between leaders and followers.

Question 3

Initiating structure involves leader behavior associated with creating mutual respect or trust and focuses on a concern for group members' needs and desires.

Answer 3

False
Explanation: Ohio State researchers concluded there were only two independent dimensions of leader behavior: consideration and initiating structure. Consideration involves leader behavior associated with creating mutual respect or trust and focuses on a concern for group members' needs and desires. Initiating structure is leader behavior that organizes and defines what group members should be doing to maximize output.

Question 4

Leaders administer, maintain, and control; managers innovate, develop, and inspire.

Question 5

According to situational theories, there is one best leadership style that suites every situation.

Question 6

According to the trait approach to studying leadership, three traits-intelligence, dominance, and masculinity-are associated with leadership prototypes.

Question 7

Men displayed more social leadership while women displayed more task leadership.

Question 8

Consideration involves leader behavior associated with creating mutual respect or trust and focuses on a concern for group members' needs and desires.

Question 9

Traits ultimately impact leadership effectiveness.

Question 10

The trait theory is based on the assumption that leaders such as Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King Jr, or Mark Zuckerberg were born with some inborn ability to lead.

Question 11

The implicit leadership theory is based on the idea that people have beliefs about how leaders should behave and what they should do for their followers.

Question 12

Men and women use different leadership styles.

Question 13

According to the Behavioral Styles theory, leaders are born, not made.

Question 14

According to Fiedler's contingency model, leaders are either task-motivated or relationship-motivated.

Question 15

Situational theories propose that leader styles should match the situation at hand.

Question 16

A leader trait is a physical or personality characteristic that can be used to differentiate leaders from followers.

Question 17

The transformational approach is the most popular perspective for studying leadership today.

Question 18

Emotional intelligence is a mental representation of the traits and behaviors that people believe are possessed by leaders.

Question 19

At the University of Michigan, researchers identified two different styles of leadership, behaviorally centered and consideration centered.

Question 20

Leaders are individuals who help others accomplish their goals.

Question 21

According to the path-goal theory, leaders should exhibit more than one leadership style.

Question 22

According to the full-range theory of leadership, laissez-faire leadership is the worst type of leadership.

Question 23

A takeaway message of House's path-goal theory is that leaders are encouraged to clarify the paths to goal accomplishment.

Question 24

According to Fiedler's contingency model, high situational control implies that the leader's decisions will produce predictable results.

Question 25

Transformational leaders engender trust, seek to develop leadership in others, exhibit self-sacrifice and serve as moral agents, focusing themselves and followers on objectives that transcend the more immediate needs of the work group.

Question 26

Transformational leaders engage in individualized consideration, which includes behaviors such as sacrificing for the good of the group, being a role model, and displaying high ethical standards.

Question 27

Contingency factors are variables that influence the appropriateness of a leadership style.

Question 28

Transactional leaders engage in inspirational motivation, idealized influence, individualized consideration, and intellectual stimulation.

Question 29

Locus of control and task ability are important environmental contingency factors within the path-goal theory.

Question 30

According to Fiedler's contingency model the most important dimension of situational control is task structure.

Question 31

According to Fiedler's contingency model, leaders can easily change their leadership style from task-motivated to relationship-motivated and vice versa.

Question 32

Transactional leadership focuses on clarifying employees' role and task requirements and providing followers with positive and negative rewards contingent on performance.

Question 33

Top managers can create and maintain ethical transformational leadership by training employees to value diversity.

Question 34

According to Fiedler's contingency model the three dimensions of situational control are leader-member relations, task structure, and position power.

Question 35

Transformational leadership is more traitlike and less susceptible to managerial influence.

Question 36

The laissez-faire style of leadership revolves around the development of dyadic relationships between managers and their direct reports.

Question 37

Inspirational motivation, one of the sets of leadership behaviors, involves behaviors that encourage employees to question the status quo and to seek innovative and creative solutions to organizational problems.

Question 38

The path-goal theory is based on the equity theory.

Question 39

According to Fiedler's contingency model, position power refers to the degree to which the leader has formal power to reward or punish employees.

Question 40

Fiedler suggests that leaders must learn to manipulate or influence the leadership situation in order to create a match between their leadership style and the amount of control within the situation at hand.

Question 41

According to the _____ theory of leadership, leadership is something that is learned. In other words, leaders are made, not born.

A)behavioral style
B)path-goal
C)trait
D)situational
E)attribute

Question 42

Which of the following is true for leading versus managing?

A)Leaders are charged with implementing vision and strategic plan.
B)Effective leadership requires effective managerial skills at some level.
C)Managers inspire others, provide emotional support, and try to get employees to rally around a common goal.
D)Good leaders are necessarily good managers and vice versa.
E)Leaders typically perform functions associated with planning, investigating, organizing, and control.

Question 43

Initiating structure involves leader behavior associated with:

A)creating mutual trust and respect within group members.
B)communicating vision and goals to the seniors in the organization.
C)building employees' self-esteem and self-efficacy.
D)encouraging participative management and employee empowerment.
E)organizing and defining what followers should be doing to maximize output.

Question 44

Servant-leadership is more a philosophy of managing than a testable theory.

Question 45

Research supports that in the leader-member exchange model there is not a significant relationship between the type of leader-member exchange and job-related outcomes.

Question 46

What is a key takeaway message from the trait theory?

A)Traits have no effect on how we perceive leaders.
B)It has the ability to explain leadership effectiveness and the human relations movement.
C)Management development programs can be used to build a pipeline of leadership talent.
D)A leader's style is described as either task-motivated or relationship-motivated.
E)It is based on the idea that motivation to exert effort increases as one's expectations improve.

Question 47

The Leader-Member Exchange model of leadership entails simultaneous, ongoing, mutual influence process in which individuals share responsibility for leading regardless of formal roles and titles.

Question 48

Shared leadership focuses on increased service to others over self-interest.

Question 49

Shared leadership is defined as a dynamic, interactive influence process among individuals in groups for which the objective is to lead one another to the achievement of group or organizational goals or both.

Question 50

Which of the following is true about leadership?

A)It is a process between a leader and followers.
B)It occurs mainly at senior levels in an organization.
C)It focuses on the process of task delegation.
D)It cannot be attained through social influence.
E)Its primary focus is successful resource allocation.

Question 51

To improve the quality of leader-member exchanges, managers must not fall prey to feeling powerless and should empower themselves to get things done.

Question 52

_____ is defined as a process whereby an individual influences others to achieve a common goal.

A)Leadership
B)Management
C)Power
D)Socialization
E)Mentoring

Question 53

According to Ohio State researchers, which of the following sets are the two independent dimensions of leader behavior?

A)Dominance; guidance
B)Consideration; initiating structure
C)Concern for people; concern for production
D)Authoritarian; democratic
E)Paternalism; intellectualism

Question 54

Shared leadership is beneficial when people are working on tasks or projects that require one to be independent and have the ability to follow rules.

Question 55

Which of the following is true regarding gender and leadership?

A)Men display more social leadership than women.
B)Women employ a more directive style than men.
C)Men and women are equally assertive.
D)Men employ a more participative style than women.
E)Women display more task leadership than men.

Question 56

Consideration involves leader behavior associated with:

A)communicating vision and goals to the seniors in the organization.
B)building employees' self-esteem and self-efficacy.
C)encouraging participative management and employee empowerment.
D)creating mutual trust and respect within group members.
E)organizing and defining what followers should be doing to maximize output.

Question 57

Organizational leaders want their followers to create feelings of significance, community, and excitement.

Question 58

Which of the following styles of leadership did researchers of the University of Michigan studies identify?

A)Dominance; guidance
B)Employee centered; job centered
C)People-centric; production-centric
D)Authoritarian; democratic
E)Consideration; initiating structure

Question 59

_____ is a mental representation of the traits and behaviors we believe are possessed by leaders.

A)Power
B)A leadership style
C)Self-esteem
D)Implicit leadership
E)A leadership prototype

Question 60

In an in-group exchange, leaders are characterized as overseers who fail to create a sense of mutual trust, respect, or common fate in in-group exchange.

Question 61

According to _____, leaders have one dominant leadership style that is resistant to change-either task motivated or relationship motivated.

A)Graen's leader-member exchange model
B)Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership theory
C)House's path-goal theory
D)Stogdill's trait theory
E)Fiedler's contingency model

Question 62

Under which of the following conditions is supportive and directive leadership helpful?

A)When employees have an internal locus of control
B)When employees have high task ability
C)When employees are less experienced
D)When employees' need for achievement is low
E)When employees do not fit into the work group dynamics

Question 63

Which of the following is true about employees with high task ability?

A)They are less likely to be motivated and satisfied by participative and achievement-oriented leadership.
B)They find achievement-oriented leadership overwhelming as they confront challenges associated with learning a new job.
C)They view the environment as uncontrollable, thereby preferring the structure provided by supportive leadership.
D)They work well under supportive and directive leadership.
E)They are less apt to need additional direction and thus would respond negatively to directive leadership.

Question 64

According to the path-goal theory, when a manager shows concern for the well-being and needs of employees, he or she exemplifies _____ behaviors.

A)path-goal clarifying
B)supportive
C)interaction-facilitation
D)group-oriented decision-making
E)representation and networking

Question 65

Which of the following employee characteristics is a contingency factor that describes leadership effectiveness according to the path-goal theory?

A)Task structure
B)Locus of control
C)Work group dynamics
D)Leader acceptance
E)Role ambiguity

Question 66

According to Fiedler's Contingency Model, _____ refers to the degree to which the leader has formal authority to reward, punish, or otherwise obtain compliance from employees.

A)consideration
B)leader-member exchange
C)task structure
D)leader-member relations
E)position power

Question 67

According to Fiedler's Contingency Model, _____ refers to the extent to which the leader has the support, loyalty, and trust of the work group.

A)initiating structure
B)leader-member exchange
C)task structure
D)leader-member relations
E)position power

Question 68

Leader-member relations, task structure, and position power are concepts associated with _____.

A)Stogdill's Trait Theory
B)Fiedler's Contingency Model
C)House's Path-Goal Theory
D)Hersey and Blanchard's Situational Leadership Theory
E)the Leader-Member Exchange Model

Question 69

Jim is the daytime supervisor for an automobile assembly line. He supervises forty-five workers who perform routine jobs that require minimal training. Which of the following suggests that Jim follows the contingency model of leadership?

A)Jim has a certain idea about how he should behave as a leader and what he should do for his team of workers.
B)Jim does not feel like taking responsibility for leading his team since their jobs require minimal training.
C)Jim's leadership skills are most effective when applied to match the characteristics of the situation at hand.
D)Jim wants to develop a partnership with his team illustrated by reciprocal influence, mutual trust, respect and liking, and a sense of common fates.
E)Only when Jim's team feels satisfied with this leadership behavior does Jim feel comfortable about his leadership style.

Question 70

Jim is the daytime supervisor for an automobile assembly line. He supervises forty-five workers who perform routine jobs that require minimal training. Which of the following suggests that Jim follows the path-goal model of leadership?

A)Jim has a certain idea about how he should behave as a leader and what he should do for his team of workers.
B)Jim does not feel like taking responsibility for leading his team since their jobs require minimal training.
C)Jim's leadership skills are most effective when applied to match the characteristics of the situation at hand.
D)Jim wants to develop a partnership with his team illustrated by reciprocal influence, mutual trust, respect and liking, and a sense of common fates.
E)Jim likes to provide the guidance and support needed by employees and ties meaningful rewards to accomplishment of objectives.

Question 71

According to Fiedler's contingency model, _____ is the most important component of situational control.

A)task structure
B)follower's ability
C)leader-member relations
D)position power
E)follower's motivation

Question 72

The path-goal theory is based on the premise:

A)that an employee does not have to be a supervisor or manager to engage in leader behavior.
B)leadership effectiveness goes beyond traits and behaviors.
C)leaders are unlikely to be successful in all situations.
D)leaders need to modify their style to fit a situation.
E)leadership styles are not universally effective.

Question 73

The path-goal theory was originally based on the _____.

A)goal-setting theory
B)need theory
C)social learning theory
D)equity theory
E)expectancy theory

Question 74

According to House's revised path-goal theory, task structure and work group dynamics are examples of _____.

A)intrinsic factors
B)employee characteristics
C)leader behaviors
D)environmental factors
E)leadership effectiveness behaviors

Question 75

According to _____, leader behavior is acceptable when employees view it as a source of satisfaction.

A)Graen's leader-member exchange model
B)Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership theory
C)House's path-goal theory
D)Fiedler's contingency model
E)Stogdill's trait theory

Question 76

According to Fiedler's Contingency Model, _____ refers to the degree of pre-arrangement contained within duties performed by the work group.

A)consideration
B)leader-member exchange
C)task structure
D)leader-member relations
E)position power

Question 77

Jim is the daytime supervisor for an automobile assembly line. He supervises forty-five people who perform relatively routine jobs that require minimal training. The shop is unionized, so Jim has little latitude when it comes to dismissing poor performers. However, he does have the authority to transfer employees and has been known to reassign poor performers to less desirable jobs on the assembly line. Jim has a reputation for only transferring employees with just cause, and generally is viewed as a fair supervisor by his employees. Although he would like greater autonomy to determine salaries, Jim generally divides bonuses and raises equally among his employees. To do otherwise would likely create conflict with union members and representatives. According to Fiedler's Contingency Model, how would you characterize the level of situational control in these circumstances?

A)Negligible
B)Low
C)Moderate
D)High
E)Absolute

Question 78

Which of the following is true about employees with an internal locus of control?

A)They are satisfied with leader behaviors that exert additional control over their activities.
B)They believe they have no control over the work environment.
C)They tend to view the environment as uncontrollable.
D)They are more likely to prefer participative or achievement-oriented leadership.
E)They prefer the structure provided by supportive or directive leadership.

Question 79

According to Peter Drucker, which of the following should be taken into consideration when improving leadership effectiveness?

A)Managers can help cultivate leadership if they start with the newest employees.
B)There is only one best style of leadership.
C)The difference between how frequently and how effectively managers exhibit various leadership behaviors has no effect on employees.
D)Effective leaders should take responsibility for decision.
E)Leaders share their ideas first and then take suggestions from their subordinates.

Question 80

Which of the following environmental factors is a contingency factor that describes leadership effectiveness?

A)Work group dynamics
B)Experience
C)Need for clarity
D)Need for achievement
E)Task ability